Semantic map

We have developed a system based on SNOW-MED to extract medical information from herbal texts. SNOW-MED is a semantic index that recognizes relationships between groups of words [26], For example, the semantic map for thrush is related to yeast, infection, and microbe. Although this system may eventually allow a potential pharmacological function to be extrapolated, we are currently using the system to simply extract disorders from the text. We have used the Mayo Vocabulary Server to perform this data mining [34, 35]. 

This book Includes information on the use of semantic mapping and webbing. 

The first method is to develop a cognitive or semantic map of the expert s knowledge using quantitative methods. This method requires the expert to complete word associations of all of die related concepts in the content domain. The intercorrelations are multi-dimensionally scaled to generate a structural map (see Jonassen, [7] for a description of this technique). This structural map would then be used as a graphical browser or concept map for accessing information in the hypertext. 

Alfred Korzybski, the founder of semantics, exhorted us to remember that the map is not the territory. Any map is only an abstraction about the territory. No matter how many places on your maps are marked productive agricultural area, you won t get much nourishment from eating the paper on which those words are printed. We must remember then that scientific data, observation, and experience are primary and that the theories (the maps) are secondary. If the maps do not agree with the territory, we must redraw them. 

Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics (vol. 2). Cambridge Cambridge University Press. MacEachren, A. M. (1995). How maps work. New York Guilford Press. 

Mapping of lexical terms and complex semantic categories to expressions in text (this is a term categorizer based on machine learning)... 

Semantic Eye (Casher and Rzepa 2006) is a test-of-principle scheme for the semantic enrichment of journal articles. Rather unusually, it treats the PDF as the locus of semantic enrichment. The identifiers are mapped onto RDF triples that are then serialized as XML using Adobe s Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) schema within the PDF. It uses InChls as identifiers for molecules and DOIs for the articles themselves. The idea is that the identifiers derived from the PDFs can be stored locally on a user s machine inside the PDFs, which are then mined by desktop indexing services, creating a sort of semantic intranet or semantic desktop. Exactly how the identifiers are assigned to the papers in the first place is left open to the user. 

Chemistry is some way behind the biomedical sciences in standardization of research protocols. The MIBBI (Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations) Project (MIBBI Consortium 2008) aims to bring the various Minimum Information protocols for different sorts of biomedical experiments into line with one another and oversees over a dozen protocols. The mapping of the protocols themselves to stable Semantic Web identifiers is achieved through an ontology. 

Korzybski, the founder of general semantics, constantly warned that the map is not the territory. As a psychologist 1 agree, but have to add that much of the time people seem to prefer the map to the territory It is often easier to make the map, the internal simulation of reality, do what you want than it is to deal with the territory, the external world. 

Two specific types of mental representations hypothesized to be used by the semantic memory system to organize information are schemas and categories. Schemas are ordered frameworks or outlines of world knowledge that help us organize and interpret new information. They are like maps or blueprints into which new related information will be fitted. Knowledge of your home town or city, with its streets, various buildings, and neighborhoods is an example of a schema. 

The following two semantic relationships establish the links between a basic modeling element and its derivative subclasses of modeling objects and instances. Both of them are isomorphic mappings. 

Specification mappings, described by the following sbc semantic relationships, are used to specify the value of attributes of various modeling elements. They express, (a) binary relations, such as whole/ part links, (b) communication lines among modeling objects, or (c) the value of simple describing properties. 

When one first looks at a polynomial the expectation is that it is a function, a map from a domain to a range, and defining the domain is an important part of the semantics of the function. 

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