Micrograph SEM

The autlior tlianks Dr James Voigt and Dr Donald Ellerby of Sandia National Laboratories for tlieir teclniical review of tliis article, and Dr Ellerby for providing tlie SEM micrographs herein. 

Fig. 26. SEM micrographs illustratiag the effects of airborne basic chemical contamination, (a) This image was formed when a positive-tone CA resist was processed without any delay after coating, (b) This image was formed when an identical film was stored after coating for 15 minutes in an atmosphere containing 10 parts per billion on A/-methylpyrrohdone, and then processed identically to the first film.

Figure 3 shows an SEM micrograph of a typical SFM cantilever. The cantilevers are 100—200 pm long and 0.6 pm thick, microfabricated from low-stress Si3N4 with an integrated, pyramidal tip. Despite a minimal tip radius of about 400 A,... 

As an example, consider again the back surface of the silicon wafer used in the mechanical profiler example. Eigure 4a, an SEM micrograph taken at 45° tilt, shows a surface covered with various sized square-shaped features that often overlap. This information cannot be discerned from the mechanical profiler trace, but can be obtained using a 3D optical profiler measurement. Eigures 4b and 4c are also... 

Figure 4 SEM micrographs of a region on the back of a silicon wafer (a) and (b) show the surface at different magnifications ic) is a cross sectional view (Courtesy of P. M. Kahora, AT T Bell Laboratories).

Figure 6 SEM micrographs of the bottoms of SIMS craters in (100) Si after 6 keV O2 bombardment to 2.1 im (a), 2.8 im (b), and 4.3 im (c). The angle of incidence is approximately 40° from normal. ...

The structure of CBCF is shown in the SEM micrograph in Fig. 4. The crenellated surface of the rayon derived carbon fibers is clearly visible, as is the phenolic derived carbon binder. The preferred orientation of the fibers (resulting from the slurry molding operation) is obvious in Fig. 4, and imparts considerable anisotropy to the material. The molding direction is perpendicular to the plane of the carbon fibers in Fig. 4. 

Fig.ll. SEM micrograph showing the macrostructure of CFCMS (scale bar represents lOOpm). 

Fig. 16. Top High-rcsolution stereo SEM micrograph of the PAA oxide on 2024 aluminum. Bottom Schematic drawing of the oxide structure. Diagram from Refs. [9,59].

Fig. 18. High-resolution stereo SEM micrograph of BSAA oxide.

Fig. 17. High-resolulion stereo SEM micrograph of CAA oxide (a) with FPL prelrealmenl (b) with PAA prelrealmenl (c) production CAA surface, (a) and (b) are from Ref. [9].

Fig. 10. A SEM micrograph of the cross-section of the deposited rod synthesized by the glow discharge shows an image of 1/4 of the cross-section of the deposited rod upper left corner of the image corresponds to the center of the end of the deposited rod.

Figure 8.5 SEM micrographs of calcium carbonate agglomerates a, vaterite and calcite h, calcite). After Zauner and Jones, 2000c)...

We have studied the effect of monomer concentration in the dispersion polymerization of styrene carried out in alcohol-water mixtures as the dispersion media. We used AIBN and poly(acrylic acid) as the initiator and the stabilizer, respectively, and we tried isopropanol, 1-butanol, and 2-butanol as the alcohols [89]. The largest average particle size values were obtained with the highest monomer-dispersion medium volumetric ratios in 1-butanol-water medium having the alcohol-water volumetric ratio of 90 10. The SEM micrographs of these particles are given in Fig. 15. As seen here, a certain size distribution by the formation of small particles, possibly with a secondary nucleation, was observed in the poly-... 

When P[(St-NHCOCH3)-g-AAM] was hydrolyzed in the basic solution no PAAM was released. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of the copolymer shows that the hydrolyzed grafted beads are still covered with PAAMs with salient micrographs. The results reveal that AAM graft copolymerization is initiated by the nitrogen radical rather than any other radical. 

Figure 6 shows SEM micrographs of the fracture surface after tensile test. For the immiscible Ultem/Vec-tra B blends, numerous microfibrils are observed to be pulled out from the surface (Fig. 6A), Many matrix voids generated by the pull-out of microfibrils reveal the poor...

Figure 10. SEM micrographs of HOPG after burning cent bumoff (b) cross-section 4 percent bumoff [ 101.

Figure 16.22 shows SEM micrographs for the porous media of ceramic support at different magnifications. The non-uniformity resulted from the synthetic foam used as a base to absorb the ceramic solution before vaporising any water from the inorganic mixture. Uniform porous media as a solid support for the membrane was obtained. 

A combination of alumina and zirconia was used as a strong nano-film on the ceramic membrane. SEM micrographs are shown in Figure 16.25. Observation by SEM shows that the zirconia-alumina membrane layer was properly adhered and could stand on the top of the porous ceramic support. 

Fig. 2.76 SEM micrograph of roughened micro-channel bottom wall with distributed hexagonal micro-structures. Reprinted from Yang et al. (2006) with permission...

Fig. 34—(a) Representative SEM micrograph, (b) surface profiles of the scratch tracks, and (c) the evolutions of normal load and friction force between the tip and the film of the DLC film deposited at -90 V bias. 

FIG. 16 SEM micrograph of a microfabricated Si3N4 tip coated with E. coli D21 cells. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 74. Copyright 1999 American Chemical Society.)... 

FIG. 5 SEM micrographs of (a) uncoated PS latices and (b) polyelectrolyte-modified PS latices coated with S1O2/PDADMAC. An increase in snrface ronghness and diameter can be clearly seen for the particles coated with Si02/PDADM AC (compare b with a). (From Ref. 58.)... 

FIG. 10 SEM micrographs of (a) sUica nanoparticle/polymer [Si02/PDADMAC)3]-coated PS lat-ices and (b) hollow silica capsules. The hollow sUica capsules were obtained by calcining coated particles as shown in (a). The calcination process removes the PS core and the polymer bridging the silica nanoparticles, while at the same time fusing the silica nanoparticles together. Some of the silica capsules were deliberately broken to demonstrate that they were hollow (b). (From Ref. 106.)... 

Fig. 2 shows XRD patterns and H2 TPR results for W-Sb-O with various Sb contents. The triclinic structure of WO3 shows three distinct peaks between 29 = 23° and 25°. As Sb content increases up to 0.6, the last two peaks diminish gradually with a new peak appearing at about 26 = 24°. As Sb content increases to 1 or higher, the XRD pattern abruptly changes again, which can be explained from SEM micrographs. 

Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of NaYl (left-hand side) and NaYs (right-hand side).

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