Selenium in milk

Shimoishi, Y. The gas-chromatographic determination of selenium IV and total selenium in milk, milk products and albumin with l,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene. Analyst 101, 298 (1976)... 

A study of dietary supplementation of female pigs with 0.1 or 0.3 ppm selenium from a selenium-enriched yeast or from sodium selenite (doses not given) from 60 days before breeding until weaning found that the concentration of selenium in milk, dam, and offspring tissues increased with the dose of selenium administered and was higher when the source of selenium was the selenium-enriched yeast (Mahan and Kim 1996). 

Mutanen M, Aspila P, Mykkanen HM. 1986. Bioavailability to rats of selenium in milk of cows fed sodium selenite or selenited barley. Ann Nutr Metab 30 183-188. 

Pehrson, B., Ortman, K., Madjid, N., and Trahkowska, U. 1999. The influence of dietary selenium as selenium yeast or sodium selenite on the concentration of selenium in the milk of suckler cows and the selenium status of their calves. J. Anim. Sci. 77(12), 3371-3376. 

F. Li, E. Rossipal, K. J. Irgolic, Determination of selenium in human milk by hydride cold-trapping atomic absorption spectrometry and calculation of daily selenium intake, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47 (1999), 3265-3268. 

P. C. Aleixo, J. A. Lobrega, Direct determination of bon and selenium in bovine milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Food Chem., 83 (2003), 457-462. 

M. F. Picciano, J. A. Milner, Selenium in human milk factors exerting an influence, form and distribution, in J. Schaub (ed.), Composition and Physiological Properties of Human Milk, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 77-86. 

P. Van Dael, H. Deelstra, Distribution of Selenium in cow s and human milk, in P. Bratter, P. Schramel (eds), Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 6, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1988, pp. 136-144. 

We do not know if exposure to selenium will result in birth defects in people. Selenium compounds have not been shown to cause birth defects in humans or in other mammals. We have no information to suggest that there are any differences between children and adults in where selenium is found in the body or in how fast it enters or leaves the body. Studies in laboratory animals have shown that selenium crosses the placenta and enters the fetus. Studies in humans show that infants are supplied with selenium through breast milk, and therefore, women who were exposed to selenium by living near a waste site might transfer selenium to their babies. However, babies in areas of China with high selenium in the soil did not show any signs of health effects due to selenium, even though some of their parents did. 

An examination of thyroid hormone levels in lactating women residing in areas of Venezuela with high levels of selenium in the soil (selenium intake ranged from 250 to 980 pg per day as estimated from selenium content of breast milk) revealed a significant decrease in serum T3 levels, as compared with... 

Shearer TR, Hadjimarkos DM. 1975. Geographic distribution of selenium in human milk. Arch Environ Health 30 230-233. 

Vaessen HA, Van Ooik A. 1987. Collaborative test of the fluorimetric determination of selenium in a test solution, milk powder, and bovine liver. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 185 468-471. 

The lack of suitable chelating agents for some analytes of interest is the main limitation of GC/MS. However, Reamer and Veillon (1981b) have developed a suitable chelate and method for the determination of selenium in biological materials. This method has been further adapted to a double-isotope method for studies of selenium metabolism (Reamer and Veillon, 1983 Swanson et al., 1983a, 1983b Moser-Veillon et al., 1992). Under routine conditions this method has proven to be well suited to determine total selenium in foods, diets, human breast milk, infant formulae, plasma and serum, red blood cells, feces and urine. The method has the accuracy expected for a definitive method, the precision is about 2% at the 100/absolute detection limit is about 50 pg. 

Generally, seaweed contains high ash content indicating appreciable amounts of minerals. Mineral content of seaweed can account for up to 36% of its dry mass and mineral macronutrients include sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus whereas the micronutrients include iodine, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, boron, nickel, and cobalt. Among these minerals, calcium holds 4-7% of dry matter. At 7% calcium, a t) ical daily portion size of seaweed (8 g dry weight) provides 560 mg of calcium which is a considerable amount compared to its recommended daily allowance (800-1000 mg) (Anonymous, 2004). In seaweeds, calcium is available as calcium phosphate, and that is more bioavailable than the form of calcium in milk, which is calcium carbonate. 

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