Selection of References

The literature of surface diffusion is now quite extensive. A review of the basic ideas, with reference to many of the earlier papers, is given by Dacey [44], and a good selection of references including more recent work can be found in Aris [45]... 

There are 110 references to industrial uses of triazolopyridines, of which 46 are to herbicides and 26 to dyes. A selection of references will be given in each category. 

The present chapter, therefore, will present certain topics based on a selection of references, mainly in view of providing a perception of the current developments and great potential of chitin today. The reader is referred to books and reviews [1-17] where basic information and specific subjects are treated in a more systematic way. These polysaccharides are described not only in encyclopaedias, handbooks, monographs and articles, but also in the American Standard Testing Materials standard guides and in the Pharmacopoeias of various coimtries [10,16,17]. 

This review cannot claim to be a comprehensive account of all the coordination chemistry of zinc since the early 1980s. The approach has been to attempt selection of references by key workers or important results in areas where much work has been carried out. It is hoped that it will be possible by following the key references and articles to gain an overview of achievements and advances in the important areas. In many cases, examples where X-ray structural data is included have been selected preferentially for inclusion. 

An alternative laboratory preparation of cyanamide and a selection of references to the literature have appeared in Inorganic Syntheses. 1 The present method is that of Werner.8... 

By casting the governing equation in nondimensional form, important insights about relative scales and the contributions various terms can be revealed. One has choices in the establishment of reference scales on which the nondimensional. Generally, the objective is to select scales such that the nondimensional dependent and independent variables are order one. Thus the selection of reference scales requires some understanding of the class of problems for which nondimensionalization is sought. 

Gdanitz and Ahlrichs devised a simpler variant of CPF, the averaged coupled-pair functional (ACPF) approach [30]. This produces results very similar to CPF for well-behaved closed-shell cases and is completely invariant to a unitary transformation on the occupied MOs. Its big advantage is that it can be cast in a multireference form. Multireference ACPF is probably the most sophisticated treatment of the correlation problem currently available that can be applied fairly widely, although it can encounter difficulties with the selection of reference spaces, as discussed elsewhere. 

It is essential to use selection of reference configurations in the MRCI procedure with the larger basis set, as the MRCI(CAS) calculation would involve several million CSFs. The result labelled Valence(0.025) is obtained with only the valence configurations — that is, it is the MRCI(0.025) wave function with all excitations to the virtual orbitals omitted. This wave function will be considerably smaller than the CASSCF wave function, but if we are to describe the nondynamical correlation acceptably it should produce similar results. This is one reason for not using a selection threshold of (0.05) the Valence(0.05) binding energy was found to be quite different from the CASSCF value [74]. 

Selection of reference configurations for MRCI must be done consistently. 

An examination of these comparisons reveals that they deal mostly with the more common nutrient elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. An interesting aspect of this compilation is the wide range in concentration values for elements in juices from different locations throughout the world. Of the geographical areas studied by us, these wide variations have not been observed. A selection of references from the extensive literature is given at the end of this chapter (7-22). 

The continuing refinement in the selection of reference materials and the production of antibodies to complex protein mixtures has resulted in immunoassay systems of remarkable sensitivity and specificity. In particular, the selection and enrichment of the antibody population by immunoaffinity purification against the reference impurities has afforded an additional level of control over the production and validation of these reagents and served to improve the assay range and sensitivity (6,17). This normalization of the antibody population to a stoichiometric relationship with the reference impurities has suggested the term Antigen Selected Immunoassay (ASIA) for these methods. 

The purpose of this section is to introduce the main methods that are used to study the physical properties of small gold particles, to give their acronyms for subsequent use, and where necessary to add a few explanatory or cautionary words. These methods are already well described in the literature, so only brief treatments are necessary. A small selection of references to their use in studying gold catalysts will be included as an introduction to the relevant literature. 

The success of four-parameter correlations is highly dependent on an appropriate selection of reference systems. Using the complete... 

A small selection of references dealing with ring expansions which follow the... 

They are many published toxicology studies with xenobiotics, which may serve as examples, and facilitate the selection of reference compounds for defined mechanisms of action (Capen and Martin 1989). 

Although several techniques are available for the determination of refractive index, only the double embedding procedure has been used with wood specimens (Boutelje 1972, Donaldson 1985a). This procedure involves measuring optical path difference (o.p.d.) successively in two different reference media. Selection of reference media depends on a number of criteria ... 

This review is based on a former one from K. Lerch in a previous edition of this work. While that article summarized the results up to 1995, this article will be focused on the time after and concentrate more on the structural features and less on the spectroscopic ones. Nevertheless, some former but updated parts of Lerch s review will be included without special indications. In addition, the selection of references can only be very limited and some important ones may not be included. 

CCD is very easy to use and especially valuable for getting an overview of particular compounds or types of compounds, and in teaching applications. The careful selection of references (labelled to show their relevance) and user-friendly nomenclature (with extensive synonym range) takes the user straight to the best literature, and the whole database is kept topical. It is not intended as a comprehensive resource but is often the best place to start the search process. Particularly valuable features are the extensive coverage of CAS numbers and hazard/toxicity information. 

The number of reported comparisons of sets of molecules for crystal sheets is large, and there is not space here to include each. A selection of references of additional analyses of small molecules is included for the reader who is interested in this subject. These studies include comparisons of... 

Several methods have been suggested for the selection of reference individuals. Table 16-1 shows three pairs of concepts that may be used to describe a sampling scheme. The concepts of each pair are mutually exclusive. For example, the sampling is either direct or indirect. One may, however, combine one concept from several pairs to obtain a more exact description. For example, the selection may be direct, a posteriori, and nonrandom. 

Direct selection of reference individuals (see Table 16-1) is the only method that agrees with the concept of reference... 

The first step in the process of producing reference values for a laboratory test should always be the collection of quantitative information about the sources of biological variation for the analyte studied. A search through relevant literature may give the required information (see Chapter 17). If the relevant information cannot be found in the fiterature, pilot studies may be necessary before the selection of reference individuals is planned in detail. 

It is important to distinguish between controllable and noncontrollable sources of biological variation. Some factors may be controlled by the standardization of the procedure for preparation of reference individuals and specimen collection (see a later section of this chapter). Other factors, such as age and gender, may be relevant partitioning criteria, The remaining sources of variation should be considered when defining the criteria for the selection of reference individuals. 

The selection of reference individuals consists essentially of applying defined criteria to a group of examined candidate persons,The required characteristics of the reference values determine which criteria should be used in the selection process. Box 16-1 lists some important criteria to consider when the production of health-associated reference values is the aim. 

The selection of reference materials is therefore critical in validating the performance of an analytical method (see Chapter 1). CRMs should be used at least in the initial evaluation studies and in establishing the acceptability of calibrators used in routine service. The specific characteristics of calibrators should be documented, along with the number of different concentrations of calibrating solutions and the frequency of their use. These latter choices depend on the characteristics of tlie analytical method, particularly the stability, reproducibility, and linearity. 

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