Sectors usage

Market Trends of the 1990s. The United States spice market can be divided into three sectors based on appHcation industrial, ie, food processing and manufacture institutional, ie, restaurants, hospitals, schools, and military and retail. The food manufacturers and institutions account for almost 65% of U.S. spice usage, an increase from about 40% in the 1980s. Retail food outiets make up most of the remainder. 

Table 1 is an estimate of energy usage by United States industry for 1988 (1). The chemical industry used 21% of the energy consumed by the U.S. industrial sector, and the other three related process industries, paper (qv), petroleum (qv), and primary metals, combined for an additional 50% of the industrial consumption. 

Throughout the industrialized world over the past two centuries, coal became relied upon as an energy source for industrial processes and for residential heat. In the United States, all the coal consumed before the year 1800—much of it imported from Britain—amounted to only 108,000 tons, which is one ten-thousandth of current annual U.S. production. Until 1840, wood exceeded coal as an energy source. However, coal then began a slow, steady expansion in usage, and, for over a century, until 1951, it was the chief energy source in the United States, contributing in the area of transportation (railroads) as well as the earlier, familiar sectors of industrial processes and residential heat. 

Since the early 1990s the United States has imported more oil than it has produced for its own use. And, as the nuclear option became frozen, coal has become the chief source for gcirerating electricity, which itself accounts for about 35 percent of the energy sector. In 1997, 52 percent of electricity produced in the United States was generated from coal and in other recent years the fraction has approached 56 percent. Since the United States accounts for one—quarter of total world energy usage, the increase in coal use in the United States alone has a significant... 

In order to accomplish with the aforementioned aim, during the first year of project, an extensive research on the different chemical additives used in six industrial sectors was conducted plastics, textiles, electronics, lubricants, leather, and paper. A list of selected chemical additives was identified for each sector and used as a study basis for the rest of the project. This is the case of the decabromo-diphenyl ether (BDE) used in electronics as a flame retardant or the triclosan used in the textile as a biocide. The results of this investigation were presented in the first volume of this book (Global Risk-Based Management of Chemical Additives I Production, Usage and Environmental Occurrence). This volume also included a section of case studies related to the selected additives in different countries (i.e., Denmark, Vietnam, Brazil, India). The main outcomes of the first part of the project are summarized below ... 

Rydin S (2012) Risk management of chemicals in the leather sector a case study from Sweden. In Bilitewski B et al (eds) Global risk-based management of chemical additives I Production, usage and environmental occurrence. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 18. pp 207-224... 

Although treated as separate classes in the Colour Index, these structural types are closely related and the few diphenylmethane dyes such as auramine (1.28 Cl Basic Yellow 2) are now of little practical interest. Commercial usage of the triarylmethane dyes and pigments has also declined considerably in favour of the major chemical classes. They were formerly noteworthy contributors to the acid, basic, mordant and solvent ranges, primarily in the violet, blue and green sectors. Numerous structural examples are recorded in the Colour Index. The terminal groupings can be amine/quinonimine, as in auramine and crystal violet (1.29 Cl Basic Violet 3), hydroxy/quinone, or both. The aryl nuclei are not always benzenoid (section 6.5). 

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