Secondary reflection

If the bounding surface is gray rather than black, multiplication of Eq. (5-154) by surface emissivity 1 allows properly for reduction of the primary beams, gas-to-surface or surface-to-gas, but secondary reflections are ignored. The correction then lies between 1 and 1, and for most industrially important surfaces with 1 > 0.8 a value of (1 -t- 1)/ 2 is adequate. Rigorous allowance for this and other factors is presented later, e.g., Eq. (5-163). 

The function of an antireflection (AR) coating is to reduce the surface reflection of optical elements and increase the amount of light transmitted. The glare and ghost images from secondary reflections are minimized. Multiple coatings are now produced that can... 

It is well known that the stacked lamellae of semi-crystalline polymers result in the long period which usually gives two (or three) diffuse Bragg reflections. We will focus on the first reflection (named LI) and the secondary reflection (named L2) at two (/-ranges, denoted as qu and qu, respectively [30,31]. 

Determined from X-ray scattering. Secondary reflections are given in brackets. 

The difficulty in obtaining satisfactory evidence may be due to the fact that thrombosis is a local circulatory problem which will require release of heparin locally for control. Such amounts will not be apparent in gross biochemical tests either as an increase in plasma concentration or a decrease in concentration in tissue. It is probable that heparin will be like other auto-pharmacological agents (e.g. adrenalin, steroids, insulin) in that the amount of heparin in the general circulation at any one time is only a secondary reflection of secretion levels. More important is the determination of rate of urinary excretion of metabolites and still more important the determination of rate of secretion by the glandular tissue (mast cells) itself. 

In the case of titanium, our aim was to determine the valence of some rare-earth titanates by the x-ray spectroscopic method. The secondary-reflection Koj j titanium lines were recorded photographically by means of a high-vacuum x-ray spectrograph with Johann focusing. 

For cells of finite thickness, calculations of the amplitudes of circular waves, reflected along the normal to cholesteric liquid crystal layers, predict the presence of secondary reflection maxima in the vicinity of the primary maximum which also exists for a semi-infinite cholesteric medium. The precise measurements [10] show that the spectra of circular dichroism in thin cells do actually have an oscillating nature. With decreasing thickness, oscillations are deeper and their number is smaller. Very frequent and shallow oscillations for rather thick cells become, in fact, unobservable. 

To obtain the remission and transmission of the whole layer of the sorbent, we consider only the first and the second sets of transmitted and reflected radiation. In the case of transmission, we consider the contribution of the incident light and of all the secondary beams that proceed from the reflection of the incident beam Eq. 11. For the remission, we use only primary reflected incident light and secondary reflected beams of already reflected incident light Eq. 12. 

In addition to the primary reflection from the outer surface of the fiber, light can reflected from the internal surfaces. Figure 20.7 shows the primary and secondary reflections from a cylinder-shape fiber. When light falls on the srrrface of the fiber, some of it is transmitted through the fiber. A portion of the transmitted... 

Figure 20.8. Secondary reflection on fibers with (A) hollow tunnel, (B) cavities, or (C) particulate fillers.

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