Ghost images

Figure 6,4 Small pits on a 316 stainless steel plate. A light pita, marking ghost images of deposit mounds.

The function of an antireflection (AR) coating is to reduce the surface reflection of optical elements and increase the amount of light transmitted. The glare and ghost images from secondary reflections are minimized. Multiple coatings are now produced that can... 

The AR coating can provide transmission enhancements by reducing secondary surface reflections at glass interfaces. This improvement can be realized by up to a 7% increase in filter throughput (3). AR coatings on emission filters and dichroic mirrors also reduce the ghost image sometimes seen in optical pathways with multiple reflective surfaces. 

To enhance transmission outside the reflection band and prevent ghost images, rear surfaces of colour splitters can be antireflection coated. The tolerable thermal load is generally 250°C. 

Fig. 1. The typical WATCH-EURECA cross-correlation map with the ghost image suppressed by the proper choice of the grid shift parameter, (see text). This image was derived from real data with Sco X-1 in the lieid.

Fig. 3.12. Example of an artifact at the lateral side of the image, an underexposed edge is visible caused by the compression paddle. On this image a ghost image is also visible...

So the something new that is added to chemistry in the superheavy region is relativistic effects. The major importance of the superheavy elements is that they would help us to understand the chemistry of the known elements. Ghostly images of relativity that we see in the chemistry of the known elements, things like Bi and Po, will come out in full flower in the superheavy region. 

The optical lens of a CMS can be characterized by its focal length (determines the angle of view), by the aperture, and by the spectral properties. With respect to CMS, there are optical effects and parameters that need to be considered since they can influence the system performance. Such effects include different types of flares, e.g., veiling Glare, directed flares, aperture ghost and ghost images. A detailed discussion can be found in chapter Optical Effects in Camera Monitor Systems . 

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