Secondary history

Because of the complexity of the law, the legislative histories of the 1909 and 1976 Copyright Acts are vital to an understanding of the intent of the statutes. These histories are sufftciendy complex that they have generated secondary works to aid in their reference. 

A number of disinfectants apparentiy owe their activity to formaldehyde, although there is argument on whether some of them function by other mechanisms. In this category, the dmg with the longest history is hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine, urotropin) [100-97-0] which is a condensation product of formaldehyde and ammonia that breaks down by acid hydrolysis to produce formaldehyde. Hexamine was first used for urinary tract antisepsis. Other antimicrobials that are adducts of formaldehyde and amines have been made others are based on methylolate derivations of nitroalkanes. The apphcations of these compounds are widespread, including inactivation of bacterial endotoxin preservation of cosmetics, metal working fluids, and latex paint and use in spin finishes, textile impregnation, and secondary oil recovery (117). 

The aerospace field is a broad one and has a complex history. A comprehensive review of structural adhesive applications on currently flying aerospace vehicles alone could fill its own book. Hence this chapter will concentrate on the aerospace commercial transport industry and its use of adhesives in structural applications, both metallic and composite. Both primary structure, that is structure which carries primary flight loads and failure of which could result in loss of vehicle, and secondary structure will be considered. Structural adhesives use and practice in the military aircraft and launch vehicle/spacecraft fields as well as non-structural adhesives used on commercial aircraft will be touched on briefly as well. 

In this chapter, by using the examples of -lactams we have briefly examined how microbial cultures may be used to produce sufficient antibiotics to meet market demands. We have also explained how enzymes (or cells) may be used to biotransform, and thereby diversify, antibiotics. By outlining the history of penicillin production, we explained how analysis and manipulation of culture regimes may be used to enhance the yields of antibiotics (and other secondary products). These studies led to die concept of directed biosynthesis by precursor feeding. 

Li ion batteries are heavily advertised as the future power sources for electric vehicles. This seems premature because the technology of heat management and many questions of safety are not solved. Fuel cells and several types of secondary batteries have a long history in the field of electric vehicle propulsion, with successes and failures. For information on electric vehicle batteries, see [16-22],... 

Microorganisms have been identified and exploited for more than a century. The Babylonians and Sumerians used yeast to prepare alcohol. There is a great history beyond fermentation processes, which explains the applications of microbial processes that resulted in the production of food and beverages. In the mid-nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur understood the role of microorganisms in fermented food, wine, alcohols, beverages, cheese, milk, yoghurt and other dairy products, fuels, and fine chemical industries. He identified many microbial processes and discovered the first principal role of fermentation, which was that microbes required substrate to produce primary and secondary metabolites, and end products. 

Thermal transitions can be studied by DSC. The crystallization transition is usually sharp with a good baseline. The melting transition is more complex and often not a single transition (Fig. 3.19)48 as it depends on the thermal history of the sample and the structural changes that can take place upon heating. In warming, solid-state transitions can take place in the unit cell, the lamellae can thicken, and secondary crystallization can also take place. The heats of crystallization and... 

The brief history, operation principle, and applications of the above-mentioned techniques are described in this chapter. There are several other measuring techniques, such as the fluorometry technique. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, Laser Doppler Vibrometer, and Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, which are successfully applied in micro/nanotribology, are introduced in this chapter, too. 

Increased oxygen demand secondary to increased heart rates and blood pressure has been hypothesized to lead to myocardial infarction (especially in patients with fixed coronary disease) and/or ventricular arrhythmias. In patients with no history of cardiac disease, cocaine is thought to induce acute isehemie complications via vasospasm of the coronaries (Ascher et al. 1988). In addition, Virmani et al. (1988) have reported a 20 percent incidence of myocarditis thought to be secondary to accumulated microvascular injuries. 

Assess patient risk factors for osteoporosis, with special attention to age, menopausal status, previous history of osteoporotic fracture, smoking status, low body weight, family history of osteoporotic fracture in first-degree relatives, and presence of secondary causes of osteoporosis. 

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