Seaweeds lipids composition

Composition, Functionality and Potential Applications of Seaweed Lipids... 

COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONALITY AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SEAWEED LIPIDS... 

Bhaskar, N. and Miyashita, K. 2005. Lipid composition of Padina tetrastomatica (Dictyotalea, Phaeophyta), brown seaweed of the west coast of India. Indian I Fish., 52, 263-268. 

Finally, differences of lipid composition, in general, between wild and cultured strains of various plants and seaweeds were reported (Saito et ah, 2010 Simopoulos, 2002a,b, 2004). In contrast to that, Mishra et ah (1993) observed no difference in the lipid contents of wild and cultured strains of P. palmata, but wild strains of P. palmata contained lower amount of nonpolar lipid fractions. 

As far as PUFAs distribution in seaweed lipids is concerned, it has been reported that majority of PUFAs has been distributed in TAGs (Gerasimenko et al, 2010 Mishra et al, 1993 Saito et al, 2010). According to the same pattern as FA composition of total seaweed lipids, the abimdant amount of SFAs palmitic acid was obviously observed in all parts of seaweed lipids. However, in red seaweed P. pahnata, the highest amount of palmitic acid was in polar lipids, while in the TAGs, there was the lowest concentration of it. The abundant PUFA in all lipid parts was EPA nevertheless, it was in the highest concentration in the TAGs (Mishra et al, 1993). 

Seaweed hpids are presented in a very small amount that does not exceed 5% of dry seaweed matter. Despite this low lipid content in seaweeds, co-3 and co-6 PUFAs represent the significant part of seaweed hpids. LCPUFAs of co-3 and co-6 series are precursors of eicosanoids which are important bioregulators of many cellular processes. Lipids composition of seaweed is very changeable due to the adaptation mechanism improving their tolerance to the environmental conditions. 

TABLE 26.2 Composition of different lipid classes (as % of total lipids) in seaweeds. 

The second food sample was a rice mixture which contained seaweed, egg, rice, imitation crab, and spinach. LC analysis was used to determine sugars and glycerol. Relative moisture, protein, lipid, ash, and carbohydrates were calculated based on USDA National Nutrient Database [2], Theoretical ethanol yield for a 100 g/1 sample was 34.6 g/1. Pictures of the dried, homogenized PRE mixture and the rice mixture are shown in Fig. 2a and b, respectively. Compositions of the two food mixtures are seen in Fig. 3. The PRE mixture (Fig. 3a) has less... 

Scientific reports dealing with functional effects of seaweed proteins, peptides, amino acids, polysaccharides, phytochemicals, lipids, and minerals greatly endorse the efforts toward development of "health foods" using seaweeds. Table 1.1 provides some seaweed species studied and recognized for their richness in functionally important molecular groups. Evaluation of functional properties requires a clear idea about their biochemical composition, and it provides a platform to have an inspiration to decide on the molecules responsible for different biological activities. 

Seaweed has a very little lipid content, ranging from 1% to 5% of dry matter (Khotimchenko, 2005). Neutral lipids and glycolipids are the major lipid classes in all seaweeds, and the proportion of essential fatty acids in seaweed is higher than that in land plants. Seaweed s)mthesizes higher amoimts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) especially imder the cool climates, and the total lipid content is elevated dining the hot seasons (Narayan et ah, 2006). However, the content and the composition of fat can be greatly varied depending on the t) e of seaweed. 

The influence of seaweed intake on glucose metabolism has been shown in a pig animal model (Amano et ah, 2005 Hoebler et ah, 2000 Vaugelade et ah, 2000). Other studies deal with the effect of edible seaweeds (Kombu (Laminaria spp.) and Nori) and fucoidan from Laminaria japonica on lipid metabolism in a h)q5ercholesterolemic rat model (Amano et ah, 2005 Bocanegra et ah, 2006 Hoebler et ah, 2000) and prebiotic effect (Deville et ah, 2007). Prebiotic effect of Laminaria polysaccharide has been shown in the gut metabolism through its effects on mucosal composition, intestinal pH, and short chain fatty acids production (Deville et ah, 2007). 

From these tables could be concluded that lipid content and FAs-composition are very changeable between different groups of seaweeds, and even within the same species. The content of total lipids ranged from 0.4% to 4.5% of dry seaweed matter. It is evident that palmitic acid was the most abimdant SFA in all genera seaweeds. 

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