Seaweed minerals

Manufacture and Processing. The industry related to iodine production began a few years after the discovery of the element by Courtois in 1811. The production processes are based on the raw materials containing iodine seaweeds, mineral deposits, and oh-weh or natural gas brines. 

IV. Content of Minerals in Seaweed A. Contribution of seaweed minerals to daily 376... 

Unfortunately, higher amoimts of some minerals in seaweed have been the result of pollution of the seawater or natural environment. Thus, many studies were conducted with respect to the contamination of seaweed by heavy metals. Because of their high sorption capacity, they were also probed for their utilization as biosorbents to remove heavy metals from the environment and to elucidate mechanisms of metal biosorption by seaweeds (Davis et al., 2003 Murphy et al., 2008 Suzuki et al., 2005). Further, these conclusions could be utilized for the understanding of the uptake mechanisms by seaweed. Finally, endogenous and exogenous factors have participated on the variability of seaweed mineral composition. 

Fluorine comes from the minerals fluorspar, CaF, cryolite, Na3AlF6 and the fluorapatites, Ca,F(P04)3. The free element is prepared from HF and KF by electrolysis, but the HF and KF needed for the electrolysis are prepared in the laboratory. Chlorine primarily comes from the mineral rock salt, NaCl. The pure element is obtained by electrolysis of liquid NaCl. Bromine is found in seawater and brine wells as the Br ion it ts also found as a component of saline deposits the pure element is obtained by oxidation of Br (aq) by Cl,(g). Iodine is found in seawater, seaweed, and brine wells as the I" ion the pure element is obtained by oxidation of I (aq) by Cl,(g). 

Extremely stringent lower limits were reported by Rank (29) in 1968. A spectroscopic detection of the Lyman a(2 p - 1 s) emission line of the quarkonium atom (u-quark plus electron) at 2733 A was expected to be able to show less than 3 108 positive quarks, to be compared with 1010 lithium atoms detected by 2 p - 2 s emission at 6708 A. With certain assumptions (the reader is referred to the original article), less than one quark was found per 1018 nucleons in sea water and 1017 nucleons in seaweed, plankton and oysters. Classical oil-drop experiments (with four kinds of oil light mineral, soya-bean, peanut and cod-liver) were interpreted as less than one quark per 1020 nucleons. Whereas a recent value (18) for deep ocean sediments was below 10 21 per nucleon, much more severe limits were reported (30) in 1966 for sea water (quark/nucleon ratio below 3 10-29) and air (below 5 10-27) with certain assumptions about concentration before entrance in the mass spectrometer. At the same time, the ratio was shown to be below 10 17 for a meteorite. Cook etal. (31) attempted to concentrate quarks by ion-exchange columns in aqueous solution, assuming a position of elution between Na+ and Li+. As discussed in the next section, cations with charge + 2/3 may be more similar to Cs+. Anyhow, values below 10 23 for the quark to nucleon ratio were found for several rocks (e.g., volcanic lava) and minerals. It is clear that if such values below a quark per gramme are accurate, we have a very hard time to find the object but it needs a considerably sophisticated technique to be certain that available quarks are not lost before detection. 

Iodine is widely distributed in nature, found in rocks, soils and underground brines. An important mineral is lautarite, which is anhydrous calcium iodate found in nitrate deposits in Chde. The element also occurs in brown seaweeds, in seawater, and in many natural gas wells. Its concentration in the earth s crust is an estimated 0.5 mg/kg and in seawater 0.06 mg/L. 

In the latter half of the nineteenth centuiy the United States was dependent on the vast Stassfurt deposits of Germany for the potassium compounds needed as fertilizers. In 1911 Congress appropriated funds for a search for domestic minerals, salts, brines, and seaweeds suitable for potash production (67). The complex brines of Searles Lake, California, a rich source of potassium chloride, have been worked up scientifically on the basis of phase-rule studies with outstanding success. Oil drillers exploring the Permian Basin for oil became aware of the possibility of discovering potash deposits through chemical analysis of the cores of saline strata. A rich bed of sylvinite, a natural mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride), was found at Carlsbad, New Mexico. At the potash plane near Wendover, Utah, the raw material, a brine, is worked up by solar evaporation (67). 

Seaweed [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) agarose from [ELECTROSEPARATIONS - ELECTROPHORESIS] (Vol 9) gums from [GUMS] (Vol 12) mineral nutrients source [MINERAL NUTRIENTS] (Vol 16) plant growth regulators fiom [GROWTH REGULATIONS - PLANT] (Vol 12) source ofdietary fiber [DIETARY FIBER] (Vol 8)... 

Iodine Iodine is a volatile purple-black solid with a beautiful metallic sheen. As the least reactive halogen, iodine is safe to handle and is widely used as a skin disinfectant. It was first prepared in 1811 from seaweed ash, but commercially useful deposits of the iodine-containing minerals lautarite (CaIC>3) and dietzeite [7 Ca( 103)2 8 CaCr04] were subsequently found in Chile. Iodine is used in the preparation of numerous organic compounds, including dyes and pharmaceutical agents, but there is no one single use of major importance. 

Iodine is a non-metallic halogen element (symbol I atomic no 53) which exists as a near-black solid but readily sublimates, giving a purple-colored vapor. It is found in nature both free (for example in large amounts in seaweeds such as kelp and in low concentrations in seawater) and in minerals such as iodyrite (silver iodide) and Chile saltpetre (sodium iodide). 

That feeds should be prepared from organically grown ingredients, supplemented by seaweed, boneflour or other natural minerals, with the inclusion of herbal leys or strips, in the grazing of ruminants... 

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