Scorpionates

Na+ K+ Ga + TTX, DDT, veratridine, scorpion toxins, procaine, Hdocaine quinidine, tolbutamide, diazoxide, glyburide, minoxidil nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, moUusc and spider toxins ... 

S. Trofimenko, Scorpionates—The Coordination Chemistry of Polypyrazolylborate Ligands, Imperial College Press, London, 1999. 

Chelant from Chela, the claw of a crab, lobster, or scorpion, and, in this context, meaning to hold apart). 

These lithium derivatives were found to be excellent reagents for the introduction of the new amidinate scorpionate ligands into Group 4 metal complexes, and a series of neutral titanium and zirconium complexes were prepared according to Scheme 189 and fully characterized. 

Phylum Arthropoda Scorpions, spiders, crabs, insects, millipedes, centipedes... 

Turning now to chemical attack, many predators immobilize their prey by injecting toxins, often neurotoxins, into them. Examples include venomous snakes, spiders, and scorpions. Some spider toxins (Quick and Usherwood 1990 Figure 1.3) are neurotoxic through antagonistic action upon glutamate receptors. The venom of some scorpions contains polypeptide neurotoxins that bind to the sodium channel. 

The polypeptide toxins from the scorpions Centruroides suffusus and Tityus ser-rulatus. These toxins act by shifting the voltage dependence of the activation of Na channels, thereby inducing a Na channel activity at negative potentials at which Na channels are normally closed 63,64). Site 4 toxins, because of their high affinity for the Na channel, have been efficient tools to elucidate the molecular structure of the Na channel 30,65,66). 

Since sea snake venoms are discussed here, it is appropriate to review other vertebrate venoms also. Unfortunately, very few investigations have been done on the venoms of other marine vertebrates. It is known that some fish secrete venoms from their spines. The fishes known to have venoms are the scorpion fish (family Scorpaenidae), weever fish (family Trachinidae), catfish (order Siluriformes there are 31 families), stargazers (family Uranoscopidae), toad fish (family Batrachoidi-dae), and stingrays (suborder Myliobatoidea). 

The three main categories of hybridization probes for real-time PCR are (1) cleavage based assays such as TaqMan, (2) displaceable probe assays such as Molecular Beacons and (3) probes which are incorporated directly into primers such as Scorpions. 

Saladino R, Crestini C, Costanzo G, DiMauro E (2005) On the Prebiotic Synthesis of Nucle-obases, Nucleotides, Oligonucleotides, Pre-RNA and Pre-DNA Molecules. 259 29-68 Santos I, Paulo A, Correia JDG (2005) Rhenium and Technetium Complexes Anchored by Phosphines and Scorpionates for Radiopharmaceutical Applications. 252 45-84 Santos M, see Szathmdry E (2005) 259 167-211... 

Trofimenko, S. Scorpionates — The Coordination Chemistry of Polypyrazolylborate Ligands 1999, Imperial College Press London. 

The bis[l,2]-dithiolo[l,4]thiazines prepared by Rees and co-workers are nonplanar, with the thiazine ring 34° out of plane for the W-ethyl compound. This gives a scorpion-like conformation with the N-substituent as the scorpion tail, seen in the crystal structure of this and other analogues <1998JOC2189>. 

The bis[l,2]dithiolo[5,4- ][5, 4 -< ][l,4]thiazine ring systems of Rees and co-workers easily extrude sulfur from the thiazine ring and undergo contraction to the fused pyrrole derivatives <1997CC879>. These tricycles generally have a nonplanar, scorpion-like solid-state structure <1998JOC2189> however, the dicarbonyl product of... 

---