Motion sickness scopolamine for

Transderm Scop (CIBA) - Scopolamine for motion sickness effective for 3 days delivers about 5 Lig/hr. 

Scopolamine (for motion sickness) There is no need of absorption aid due to high transdermal property ... 

Scopolamine (42), an optically active, viscous Hquid, also isolated from Solanaceae, eg. Datura metell. decomposes on standing and is thus usually both used and stored as its hydrobromide salt. The salt is employed as a sedative or, less commonly, as a prophylactic for motion sickness. It also has some history of use ia conjunction with narcotics as it appears to enhance their analgesic effects. BiogeneticaHy, scopolamine is clearly an oxidation product of atropiae, or, more precisely, because it is optically active, of (—)-hyoscyamiae. 

Buclizine may be taken without water. The patient is instructed to place the tablet in the mouth and allow it to dissolve or to chew or swallow the tablet whole. When given for motion sickness, one 50-mg dose is usually effective. For more extensive travel, a second 50-mg dose may be taken alter 4 to 6 hours. When administering scopolamine, one transdermal system is applied behind the ear approximately 4 hours before the antiemetic effect is needed. About 1 gof scopolamine will be administered every 24 hours for 3 days. If the disk detaches from the body, discard it and place a fresh one behind the opposite ear. (See Fhtient and Family Teaching Checklist Applying Transdermal Scopolamine.)... 

The anticholinergic agent scopolamine is available as a patch formulation. Its slow release causes a duration of action of 3 days. It is highly effective for motion sickness. 

Hyoscine crosses the blood-brain barrier more rapidly than atropine, therefore some of the side effects are more pronounced with hyoscine. These include drowsiness, blurred vision, dizziness, dry mouth, and difficulty with micturition, while confusion may occur in the elderly. Efficacy in PONV is only moderate, and it is now rarely used. It is, however, a well-proven remedy for motion sickness, and an effect on the vestibular apparatus may contribute to its action. Here, it is given in the form of the hydrobromide (scopolamine), 1 mg of which contains 0.7 mg of the laevo-hyoscine base. Commercially available seasickness tablets usually contain 0.3 mg and one or two are recommended for protection for short journeys. Side effects preclude the long-term use of hyoscine for travel sickness. 

Scopolamine Unknown mechanism in CNS Reduces vertigo, postoperative nausea Prevention of motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting Transdermal patch used for motion sickness IM injection for postoperative use Toxicity Tachycardia, blurred vision, xerostomia, delirium Interactions With other antimuscarinics... 

Scopolamine is also used as a treatment for motion sickness. In excess, these plants can cause a toxic delirium that may lasts hours to days, marked by amnesia, confusion, dissociation, hallucinations, delusions, euphoria, and sometimes episodes of bizarre self-injury (100). 

Scopolamine (0.32 to 0.65 mg SC, IM, or IV) is indicated for producing preanesthetic sedation and obstetric amnesia in conjunction with analgesics. It may be used for calming delirium and for motion sickness. 

CNS Scopolamine is standard therapy for motion sickness this drug is one of the most effective agents available for this condition. A transdermal patch formulation is available. Benztropine, biperiden. and trihexyphenidyl are representative of several antimuscarinic agents used in parkinsonism. Although not as effective as levodopa (see Chapter 28), these agents may be useful as adjuncts or when patients become unresponsive to levodopa. Benztropine is sometimes used parenterally to treat acute dystonias caused by antipsychotic medications. 

Despite the limitations imposed by the physiology of the skin, several marketed controUed release transdermal dmg dehvery systems are available in the United States for example, scopolamine [51-34-3] for the treatment of motion sickness, nitroglycerin [55-63-0] for angina, estradiol [50-28-2] for the rehef of postmenopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, clonidine [4205-90-7] for the treatment of hypertension, fentanyl [437-38-7] as an analgesic, and nicotine [54-11-5] as an aid to smoking cessation. These systems are designed to dehver dmg for periods of one to seven days. 

The answer is e. (Hardmanr p 930.) All the drugs listed in the question are used as antiemetics. Chlorpromazine is a general antiemetic, used orally, rectally, or by injection for the control of nausea and vomiting that is caused by conditions that are not necessarily defined. Ondansetron is indicated in the oral or intravenous route for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy Diphenhydramine and dimen-hydrinate are used orally for the active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Scopolamine is a transdermal preparation used in the prevention of motion sickness. The drug is incorporated into a bandage-like... 

Certain plants of the family Solanaceae, such as Atropa belladonna L., Hyoscyamus niger L., and Datura stramonium L., have been used medicinally for centuries in Europe because they contain tropane-type alkaloids.For example, atropine (1) [a racemic mixture of (+)- and (—)-hyoscyamine (2)] and (-)-hyoscyamine are competitive antagonists at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor site, leading to antispasmodic and antiallergic effects. Scopolamine [(—)-hyoscine)] (3) is used in a transdermal patch for the prevention of motion sickness. Since these tropane alkaloids penetrate the blood-brain barrier, they also have psychoactive effects. ... 

Scopolamine is useful for prevention of motion sickness when the motion is very stressful and of short duration. A transdermal preparation (Transderm-Scop) with a 72-hour duration of action has been marketed for this purpose. Blockade of chohnergic sites in the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation may account for the effectiveness of this agent. When the motion is less stressful and lasts longer, the antihistamines (Hj-antagonists) are probably preferable to the antimus-... 

Scopolamine (see Chapter 8) and certain first-generation Hi antagonists are the most effective agents available for the prevention of motion sickness. The antihistaminic drugs with the greatest effectiveness in this application are diphenhydramine and promethazine. 

Dimenhydrinate, which is promoted almost exclusively for the treatment of motion sickness, is a salt of diphenhydramine. The piperazines (cyclizine and meclizine) also have significant activity in preventing motion sickness and are less sedating than diphenhydramine in most patients. Dosage is the same as that recommended for allergic disorders (Table 16-2). Both scopolamine and the Hi antagonists are more effective in preventing motion sickness when combined with ephedrine or amphetamine. 

Hyoscine (scopolamine), a prototypic muscarinic receptor antagonist, is one of the best agents for the prevention of motion sickness. However, it has a very high incidence of anticholinergic effects when given orally or parenterally. It is better tolerated as a transdermal patch. Superiority to dimenhydrinate has not been proved. 

The most popular use of scopolamine today is for the prevention of motion sickness via the Transderm-Scop patch. This device delivers about 0.5 mg of the drug over a three day period. Scopolamine and other drugs in this class can accumulate in significant quantities in the blood and some can cause CNS effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth and blurry vision. In rare cases amnesia and even psychosis can occur. The sedation and dry mouth are useful effects in that some of the compounds are used as tranquilizers and to dry up the mouth prior to anesthesia. 

Spinks AB, Wasiak J, Villanueva EM Bernath V. Scopolamine for preventing and treating motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 CD002851. 

Transdermal scopolamine (hyoscine) was introduced in the 1980s as a convenient alternative for the prevention of motion sickness. It is also effective in reducing of nausea and vomiting after ear surgery but was not found to be useful in the prevention of vasovagal syncope (see Chapter 14). 

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