Scolytidae

Stark, R. W., P. R. Miller, F. W. Cobb, Jr., D. L. Wood, and J. R. Parmeter, Jr. Photochemical oxidant injury and bark beetle (Coleoptera Scolytidae) infestation of Ponderosa pine. 1. Incidence of bark beetle infestation in injured trees. Hilgardia 39 121-126, 1968. 

Almond bark beetle, Scolytus amygladi (Coleoptera Scolytidae) ... 

Coleoptera Cleridae Thanasimus dubius Tetranychidae) Panonychus ulmi (Acari Tetranychidae) Ips pini (Coleoptera Scolytidae) Pine Takabayashi et al., 1991a Aukema et al., 2000... 

Seybold, S. J. (1993). Role of chirality in olfactory-directed behavior aggregation of pine engraver beetles in the genus Ips (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 19 1809-1831. 

Is of serious concern. The role of chemical communication, in relation to proposed control tactics, of predators and bark beetles will be discussed. Emphasis will be on Thanaslmus dublus (F.) (Coleoptera Clerldae) and Medetera blstrlata Parent (Dlptera Dollchopodldae) which are primary predators of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera Scolytidae). 

Seybold S. J., Quilici D. R., Tillman J. A., Vanderwel D., Wood D. L. and Blomquist G. J. (1995) De novo biosynthesis of the aggregation pheromone components ipsenol and ipsdienol by the pine bark beetles Ips paraconfusus Lanier and Ipspini (Say) (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8393-8397. 

Diaz E., Cisneros R. and Zuniga G. (2000) Comparative anatomical and histological study of the alimentary canal of the Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera Scolytidae) complex. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93, 303-311. 

Schneider I. and Rudinsky J. A. (1969) The site of pheromone production in Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera Scolytidae) bioassay and histological studies of the hindgut. Can. Entomol. 101, 1181-1186. 

Zethner-M0ller O. and Rudinsky J. A. (1967) Studies on the site of sex pheromone production in Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60, 575-582. 

Figure 6.9 Examples of pheromone components of bark beetles (Scolytidae) and ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) classified by likely biosynthetic origin (based on Francke and Schulz, 1999). (A) References for identification and/or behavioral activity of isoprenoid pheromone compounds are as follows-. 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (Bakke efa/., 1977 Giesen etal., 1984 Klimetzek etal., 1989a Lanne etal., 1989), 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol (Stoakley etal., 1978 Bowers and Borden, 1990 Bowers etal, 1991 Zhang efa/., 2000), 3-methyl-1-butanol (Renw ick etal, 1977), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-one (Francke and Heeman, 1974 Francke etal 1974), ipsenol and ipsdienol...

Research on the site of pheromone synthesis in the Scolytidae using transcript sequences for mevalonate pathway enzymes has led to two major conclusions (Seybold and Tittiger, 2003). First, bark beetles do not have a pheromone gland. Instead, all cells in the midgut appear to be involved in pheromone production because the signals from in situ hybridizations are evenly distributed throughout... 

Figure 6.10 De novo biosynthesis of isoprenoid pheromone components by bark and ambrosia beetles through the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway. The end products are hemiterpenoid and monoterpenoid pheromone products common throughout the Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Figure 6.9A). The biosynthesis is regulated by juvenile hormone III (JH III), which is a sesquiterpenoid product of the same pathway. The stereochemistry of JH III is indicated as described in Schooley and Baker (1985). Although insects do not biosynthesize sterols de novo, they do produce a variety of derivatives of isopentenyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and farnesyl diphosphate. Figure adapted from Seybold and Tittiger (2003).

Figure 6.11 Biosyntheses of isoprenoid pheromone components by bark and ambrosia beetles from host conifer monoterpenes. (A) Conversion by the male California fivespined ips, Ips paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera Scolytidae), of myrcene from the xylem and phloem oleoresin of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., to (4S)-(+)-ipsdienol and (4S)-(-)-ipsenol, components of the aggregation pheromone (Hendry et al., 1980). (B) Conversion by male and female I. paraconfusus of (1 S,5S)-(-)-a-pinene (2,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1,1]hept-2-ene) from the xylem and phloem oleoresin of P. ponderosa to (1 S,2S,5S)-(+)-c/s-verbenol (c/s-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1,1]hept-3-en-2-ol), an aggregation pheromone synergist and of (1 R,5R)-(+)-a-pinene to (1 fl,2S,5fl)-(+)-frans-verbenol (frans-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1,1]hept-3-en-2-ol), a compound of unknown behavioral activity for /. paraconfusus. Male and female western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera Scolytidae), convert (1 S,5S)-(-)-a-pinene to (1S,2ft,5S)-(-)-frans-verbenol, an aggregation pheromone interruptant and (1R,5R)-(+)-a-pinene to (1 R,2S,5R)-(+)-frans-verbenol, a compound of...

Figure 6.13 Examples of the application of normal-phase, radio-HPLC to the analysis of de novo biosynthetic pathways in bark beetles (Scolytidae). Demonstration of sex-specific de novo biosynthesis of ipsenol, ipsdienol, and amitinol through radio-HPLC analysis of pentane extracts of Porapak-trapped volatiles from (A) male and (B) female Ips paraconfusus Lanier feeding for 168 h in Pinus ponderosa and (C) male and (D) female Ips pini (Say) feeding for 168 h in Pinus jeffreyi (Seybold et al., 1995b). Demonstration of sex-specific de novo biosynthesis of frontalin through radio-HPLC analysis of pentane extracts of Porapak-trapped volatiles from (E) male and (F) female...

Wiygul et al. (1982) reported the site of pheromone biosynthesis in male boll weevils as the fat body. To date this is the only insect where the fat body has been proposed as a site for pheromone biosynthesis, and it is an obvious contradiction that in most species of the closely related Scolytidae, isoprenoid pheromone biosynthesis has been reported to occur in the alimentary canal (see section 6.6.2). Wiygul et al. (1982) observed that the level of pheromone production... 

Barkawi L. S. (2002) Biochemical and molecular studies of aggregation pheromones of bark beetles in the genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera Scolytidae), with special reference to the Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopkins. PhD thesis. Univ. Nevada, Reno, 193 pp. 

Barkawi L. S., Francke W., Blomquist G. J. and Seybold S. J. (2003) Frontalin de novo biosynthesis of an aggregation pheromone component by Dendroctonus spp. bark beetles (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33, 773-788. 

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