Scintillation agents

Uses Intermediate for phthalic anhydride, naphthol, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,4-dihydro-naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), decahydronaphthalene (decalin), 1-nitro-naphthalene, halogenated naphthalenes, naphthol derivatives, dyes, explosives mothballs manufacturing preparation of pesticides, fungicides, detergents and wetting agents, synthetic resins, celluloids, and lubricants synthetic tanning preservative emulsion breakers scintillation counters smokeless powders. 

It should be noted here that the variable temperature data presented for Np02 in Fig. 6 are close to those reported by Glebov et al. (43) but that the relaxivities presented in this figure for PuOl are different from those published by these authors (44) (the concentration of the PuO is uncertain in this reference). It has already been mentioned that special care must be taken in the preparation of solutions of plutonyl salts to avoid the presence of lower oxidation states. UV-visible spectroscopy (27) and liquid scintillation detectors (50) are particularly useful to assess the concentration and the nature of Pu species in solution. The purity of the PuO can also be tested by liquid liquid extraction with thenoyltrifluoroacetone, an agent known to be able to extract Pu" " from acidic aqueous phases but unable to extract PuO + (51). 

The use of radiolabeled nucleosides as markers for anticancer activity has become a popular method due to the commercial availability of such compounds. The technique is based upon the knowledge that cells rendered unable to replicate or killed by the anticancer agent are unable to effectively incorporate nucleic acid precursors into their DNA or RNA structure. Therefore, a decrease in cell viability correlates with a decrease in radioactivity relative to a control cell population. Although specific procedures differ, the basic technique involves the incubation of tumor cells in the presence of the radiolabeled compound with or without anticancer agent followed by scintillation counting to determine the radioacti vity of the samples. 

Point quenching occurs if the radioactive sample is not completely dissolved in the solvent. The emitted j8 particles may be absorbed before they have a chance to interact with solvent molecules. The addition of solubilizing agents such as Cab-O-Sil or Thixin decreases point quenching by converting the liquid scintillator to a gel. 

The conditions for Pu reduction and elution were examined in detail, and a variety of reducing agents were tested.82 A flow system with an on-line scintillation detector was used to show the elution behavior in detail under well-controlled flow conditions. It was found that reduction and elution with hydroquinone was slow, resulting in broad tailing peaks and incomplete reduction. Some Pu remained in the Pu(IV) state and could be eluted with a complexant on completion of the reductant/HCl elution step. However, by choosing other reductants, rapid reduction and clean elution as a sharp peak could be obtained. These results are shown in Figure 9.14. 

By far the most important application of oxazoles is based on the scintillator properties of 2,5-diaryloxazoles (B-70MI41800). Diaryl- and arylstryryl-oxazoles are fluorescent whitening agents, and 2-arylbenzoxazoles are used as dye lasers (B-75MI41800). 

CO2 being detected in a special apparatus by gas-trapping agents and quantified by scintillation counting ... 

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