Scientific sense

The ratio of stress to strain in a given material. The strain may be a change in length, a twist or shear, or a change in volume. Modulus of elasticity in this scientific sense must not be confused with the term modulus which has a particular significance in rubber technology. 

Environmental and security issues are multifaceted and complex, in cultural, political and scientific sense, hi a fundamental way, the environment must be viewed as a strategic factor to be weighed in with many other variables affecting a global or homeland security. 

Did this FDA position make any scientific sense It implied that if aflatoxin could be detected by reliable analysis, it was too risky to be consumed by humans, but that if the aflatoxin happened to be present below the minimum detectable concentration it was acceptable. (Analytical chemists can never declare that a chemical is not present. The best that can be done is to show that it is not present above some level - 20 ppb in the case of aflatoxins, and other, widely varying, levels in the case of other chemicals in the environment.) To be fair to the FDA, perhaps the word acceptable should be withdrawn the agency s position was not so much that all concentrations of aflatoxin up to 20 ppb were acceptable, but that nothing much could be done about them, because the chemists could not determine whether they were truly present in a given lot of food until the concentration exceeded 20 ppb. 

Check your answers. Try to finish a little early so that you can read through your answers. Make sure your answers are complete. It is easy to make simple errors. Check for any missing answers to parts of questions, especially multiple-choice questions. Make sure your answers make scientific sense, and in numerical answers check that you have included units and considered significant figures. 

When materials are irradiated by X-rays, several effects occur, e.g. absorption, scattering, and X-ray fluorescence. The heat should be generated by the absorption of electro-magnetic wave even by X-ray as shown in Fig. 1. The heat generation was actually observed in, for example, the deterioration of a silicon single crystal by strong X-ray. However, so much attention has not been paid in scientific sense to this phenomena. 

Next in antiquity to the volume of the Jewish faith are the works of Homer and Hesiod, who lived so near together in point of time, that even concluding Homer to have flourished in the tenth contnry before Christ of about tbe reign of Solomon, the difference so much discussed by the learned is of no moment in a scientific sense. Homer mentions tho names of several kinds of wine, and alludes to their potency. 

Some legal limits make no scientific sense. The Delaney Amendment to the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of... 

Conceptual models link anthropogenic activities with stressors and evaluate the relationships among exposure pathways, ecological effects, and ecological receptors. The models also may describe natural processes that influence these relationships. Conceptual models include a set of risk hypotheses that describe predicted relationships between stressor, exposure, and assessment end point response, along with the rationale for their selection. Risk hypotheses are hypotheses in the broad scientific sense they do not necessarily involve statistical testing of null and alternative hypotheses or any particular analytical approach. Risk hypotheses may predict the effects of a stressor, or they may postulate what stressors may have caused observed ecological effects. 

In its general scientific sense, the term "parasite" includes all of the known infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. In this and the two following chapters, the term is used in a restricted sense to denote the protozoa and helminths. It has been estimated that 3 billion (3 x 109) humans suffer from parasitic infections, plus a much greater number of domestic and wild animals. Although these diseases constitute the most widespread human health problem in the world today, they have for various reasons also been the most neglected. 

Scientifically, the term ultrafine powder or ultrafine particles is used to describe solid products in which the particle sizes are no greater than 100 nm. The ultrafine white carbon black to be discussed in this chapter is the product of particles of a smaller size than those in common products, i.e., ultrafine here is not a scientific but a commercial term. The ultrafine powders in the scientific sense, e.g., nano copper, nano TiO and nano hydroxyapatite, and related topics will be discussed in later chapters. Nevertheless, the principles involved in the preparation of ultrafine white carbon black by impinging stream reaction-precipitation are very similar to those involved in the preparation of the nano powders mentioned above. Therefore this topic is discussed here under the overall title Preparation of ultrafine powders . 

In the strictly scientific sense of the word insolubility does not exist, and even those substances characterized by the most obstinate resistance to the solvent action of water may properly be designated as extraordinarily difficult of solution, not as insoluble. 

One of the most significant points that we must consider in scientific studies, not limited to studies on photocatalysis, is distinction between evidence and consistency, as least as far as the author thinks. In other words, it is necessary to recognize every fact to be a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition in a strict scientific sense. For example, the fact that a reaction rate obeys the first-order rate law giving a linear relation in a plot of data as in Fig. 6 is only a necessary condition for a monomolecular reaction in homogeneous phase and also a necessary condition for heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction in diffusion-limited conditions or that in surface-reaction limited conditions with a Henry-type adsorption or a Langmuir-type adsorption in the lower-concentration region. 

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