Scientific Consequences

In this section we discuss the scientific consequences of our work so far. To better appreciate the results, the reader may wish to review the experimental facts in Section 1.3. 

That this theory contains very much that is not established as a scientific consequence of any known facts is evident, and Boyle s arguments to show upon what inadequate basis of fact and logic it was sustained were very impressive to open-minded readers. Boyle s discussions generally are very clear, illustrated with a wealth of examples from known facts and experimental evidence. His style, however, is often almost painfully prolix. 

Tajima, E. Dawn of Radiation Effects Research. RERF Update, vol. 5, pt. 3 (Autumn 1993). [Describes the Fukuryu incident and the social, political, and scientific consequences. The global implication resulted in establishment of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation in 1955, of which the author, Tajima, was appointed secretary.]... 

The second stage covers the discovery of another naturally occurring P-lactam antibiotic, cephalosporin C, and the scientific consequences of that discovery. This phase is summarized in a volume entitled Cephalosporins and Penicillins Chemistry and Biology edited by Edwin H. Flynn and published in 1972. 

We can be qualitatively certain that the fluidlike flow of shock deformation is a consequence of motion of defects. We cannot be quantitatively certain as to the significant, detailed descriptions and consequences of these defects. Indeed, the principal unfinished business of shock-compression science is the scientific description of the defective solid in all its manifestations. 

These apparent restrictions in size and length of simulation time of the fully quantum-mechanical methods or molecular-dynamics methods with continuous degrees of freedom in real space are the basic reason why the direct simulation of lattice models of the Ising type or of solid-on-solid type is still the most popular technique to simulate crystal growth processes. Consequently, a substantial part of this article will deal with scientific problems on those time and length scales which are simultaneously accessible by the experimental STM methods on one hand and by Monte Carlo lattice simulations on the other hand. Even these methods, however, are too microscopic to incorporate the boundary conditions from the laboratory set-up into the models in a reahstic way. Therefore one uses phenomenological models of the phase-field or sharp-interface type, and finally even finite-element methods, to treat the diffusion transport and hydrodynamic convections which control a reahstic crystal growth process from the melt on an industrial scale. 

Since 1970 tlie field of healtli risk assessment Itas received widespread attention witliin both tlie scientific and regulatoiy committees. It has also attracted tlie attention of the public. Properly conducted risk assessments have received fairly broad acceptance, in part because they put into perspective the terms to. ic, Itazard, and risk. Toxicity is an inlierent property of all substances. It states tliat all chemical and physical agents can produce adverse healtli effects at some dose or under specific exposure conditions. In contrast, exposure to a chemical tliat lias tlie capacity to produce a particular type of adverse effect, represents a health hazard. Risk, however, is tlie probability or likelihood tliat an adverse outcome will occur in a person or a group tliat is exposed to a particular concentration or dose of the hazardous agent. Tlierefore, risk can be generally a function of exposure and dose. Consequently, healtli risk assessment is defined as tlie process or procedure used to estimate tlie likelihood that... 

A flame is a thin region of rapid, self sustaining oxidation of fuel that is often accompanied by the release of large amounts of heat and light. Flames are what we most coninionly associate with combustion. One part of combustion science focuses on the different ways flames can be formed and the scientific and practical consequences of each. 

As a consequence of the enormous growth in the amount of information to be transmitted, the original papers, as published in the leading scientific journals, have of necessity been made as short as is compatible with a minimum of scientific clarity. They have, therefore, become increasingly difficult to follow for anyone who is not an expert in this specific field. In order to alleviate this situation, numerous publications have recently appeared which are devoted to review articles and which contain a more or less critical survey of the literature in a specific field. 

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is undoubtedly the anionic surfactant used in the greatest amount because it is the basic component in almost all laundry and dishwashing detergents in powder and liquid forms. However, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are the more versatile anionic surfactants because their properties vary, with the alkyl chain, with the number of moles of ethylene oxide added to the base alcohol and with the cation. Consequently, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are used in almost all scientific, consumer, and industrial applications. 

The uncertainty principle has negligible practical consequences for macroscopic objects, but it is of profound importance for subatomic particles such as the electrons in atoms and for a scientific understanding of the nature of the world. 

---