Science, evolution

I. Prigogine and 1. Antoniou, Science, Evolution and Complexity. Genetics in Europe Open days 2000 (GEOD 2000), Sommet europeen, Bruxelles, November 16, 2000, 21-36, 2001. 

Biver N ef a/1997 Evolution of the outgassing of oomet Flale-Bopp (C/1995 01) from radio observations Science 275 1915-18... 

When considering how the evolution of life could have come about, the seeding of terrestrial life by extraterrestrial bacterial spores traveling through space (panspermia) deserves mention. Much is said about the possibility of some form of life on other planets, including Mars or more distant celestial bodies. Is it possible for some remnants of bacterial life, enclosed in a protective coat of rock dust, to have traveled enormous distances, staying dormant at the extremely low temperature of space and even surviving deadly radiation The spore may be neither alive nor completely dead, and even after billions of years it could have an infinitesimal chance to reach a planet where liquid water could restart its life. Is this science fiction or a real possibility We don t know. Around the turn of the twentieth century Svante Arrhenius (Nobel Prize in chemistry 1903) developed this theory in more detail. There was much recent excitement about claimed fossil bacterial remains in a Martian meteorite recovered from Antarctica (not since... 

Molecular modeling has evolved as a synthesis of techniques from a number of disciplines—organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical physics, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. With the development of quantum mechanics (1,2) ia the early 1900s, the laws of physics necessary to relate molecular electronic stmcture to observable properties were defined. In a confluence of related developments, engineering and the national defense both played roles ia the development of computing machinery itself ia the United States (3). This evolution had a direct impact on computing ia chemistry, as the newly developed devices could be appHed to problems ia chemistry, permitting solutions to problems previously considered intractable. 

G.T. Gray III and P.S. Follansbee, Influence of Peak Pressure on Substructure Evolution and Mechanical Response of Shock-Loaded 6061-T6 Aluminum, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter 1987 (edited by S.C. Schmidt and N.C. Holmes), Elsevier Science, New York, 1988, 339 pp. 

D.L. Tonks and J.N. Johnson, Shock-Wave Evolution of the Mechanical Threshold Stress in Copper, in Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (edited by S.C. Schmidt, J.N. Johnson, and L.W. Davison), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 333-336. 

Molecular dynamics simulation, which provides the methodology for detailed microscopical modeling on the atomic scale, is a powerful and widely used tool in chemistry, physics, and materials science. This technique is a scheme for the study of the natural time evolution of the system that allows prediction of the static and dynamic properties of substances directly from the underlying interactions between the molecules. 

David Turnbull, in his illuminating Commentary on the Emergence and Evolution of Materials Science (Turnbull 1983), defined materials science broadly as the characterisation, understanding, and control of the structure of matter at the ultramolecular level and the relating of this structure to properties (mechanical, magnetic, electrical, etc.). That is, it is Ultramolecular Science . In professional and educational practice, however, he says that materials science focuses on the more complex features of behaviour, and especially those aspects controlled by crystal... 

Stephen Keith, a historian of science, has examined the development of this parepisteme (Keith 1998), complete with the stops and starts caused by fierce competition between individuals and the discouragement of some of them, while a shorter account of the evolution of crystal-growing skill can be found in the first... 

According to Gatos, the needs of solid-state electronics, not least in connection with various compound semiconductors, were a prime catalyst for the evolution of the techniques needed for a detailed study of surface structure, an evolution which gathered pace in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This analysis is confirmed by the fact that Gatos, who had become a semiconductor specialist in the materials science and engineering department at was invited in 1962 to edit a new journal to be... 

Fothergill-Gilmore, L., 1986. The evolution of die glycolytic pathway. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11 47—51. 

Blankenship, R. E., and Hartman, H., 1998. The origin and evolution of oxygenic photosyndiesis. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 23 94-97. 

McCardiy, A. D., and Hardie, D. G., 1984. Fatty acid. syntha.se—An example of protein evolution by gene fn.sion. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 9 60-63. 

This book contains key articles by Eric Sc erri, the leading authority on the history and philosophy of the periodic table of the elements and the author of a best-selling book on the subject. The articles explore a range of topics such as the historical evolution of the periodic system as well as its philosophical status and its relationship to modern quan um physics. This volume contains some in-depth research papers from journals in history and philosophy of science, as well as quantum chemistry. Other articles are from more accessible magazines like American Scientist. The author has also provided an extensive new introduction in orck rto integrate this work covering a pc riocl of two decades.This must-have publication is completely unique as there is nothing of this form currently available on the market. 

Figure 38. Evolution of the proposed surface aspect of a polypyrrole film during an oxidation reaction initiated from high cathodic potentials (E < -800 mV vs. SCE). The chronoamperometric response is shown at the bottom. Experimental confirmation can be seen in the pictures in Ref. 177. (Reprinted from T. F. Otero and E. Angulo, Oxidation-reduction of polypyrrole films. Kinetics, structural model, and applications. Solid State Ionics 63-64, 803, 1993, Figs. 1-3. Copyright 1993. Reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055, KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

Figure 40. Evolution of the coefficient of electrochemical relaxation (zr) at different cathodic potentials of departure. Values ofzr were obtained from the slopes in Fig. 39. (Reprinted from T. F. Otero, H.-J. Grande, and J. Rodriguez, A new model for electrochemical oxidation of polypyrrole under conformational relaxation control. J. Electroanal. Chem. 394, 211, 1995, Figs. 2-5. Copyright 1995. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Figure 10.5. Evolution of the intrinsic catalytic activity of platinized platinum for the hydrogenation of maleic acid (Cm=10 3 M, 299 K, 0.5 M HC104), as a function of potential, ( ) spontaneously set potential, (I, ) imposed potential in absence, ( ) and in presence ( ) of H2 (1 atm).5 Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.

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