Schonbein method

The Committee appointed by Confederation Germanique, to which Schonbein Bottger proposed in 1846 the cessation of their method, refused the proposition (Ref 44, p 241)... 

Baron von Lenk, representing Austria, was happy that Prussia did not obtain the patent of Schonbein Bottger dealt directly with them to obtn the method. He started to work on improvement of stability and possibility of adopting the improved powder as cannon propellant (Ref 44, p 242)... 

The first important invention before the invention of NC NG was the prepn in 1833 of impure Nitrostarch(NS) by Braconnot. The next step was prepn in 1838 by Pelouze of nitrated paper and cotton, but it was not realized that these were actually impure, low nitrogen content, NC s. More important than the work of the above investigators were the prepn in 1846 of NC of high N content (known as Guncotton), independently by C.F. Schonbein (1799 1866) and F. Bottger (1806 1886) and in the same year of NG by an Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero (1812-1888). The method of prepn and some props of NG were published in France in Feb 1847 by Th-J. Pelouze (1807-1867)... 

Nitrocellulose or gun cotton was discovered by Braconnot (France, 1833) and patented by Schonbein (1846) (Fig. 1). It is speculated that in order to determine whether the action of nitric acid was a reaction or merely a sorption into fibrous material, Sobrero (1846) treated glycerin, a liquid, with nitric acid and found a true reaction took place. Hence, nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin were discovered within a decade of each other, but neither found widespread use until the 1860 s when methods of stabilizing them were devised. Between 1865 and 1868, Abel patented improved preparations of nitrocellulose. He found that pulping allowed impurities, such as residual acid, to be more easily washed out by "poaching" and resulted in improved stability. The Abel stability test is named after him[5]. 

Gladstone by exercising special precautions was able to carry out combustion analyses of xyloidine and of pyroxylin prepared according to the directions of Schonbein. Nitrogen was determined by the differential method. The pyroxylin was found... 

Enzymes can be employed to measure substrate concentrations as well as the concentrations of species that affect the catalytic activity of the enzyme toward its substrate, such as activators and inhibitors. The first known enzymatic assay was reported by Osann in 1845 hydrogen peroxide (H202) was quantitated using the enzyme peroxidase. In 1851, Schonbein reported a detection limit of 1 part H202 in 2 x 106 [i.e., 500 parts per billion] using this method Enzymatic methods... 

Who invented chromatography, one of the most widely used laboratory techniques This question leads to controversies. In the 1850s, Schonbein used filter paper to partially separate substances in solution. He found that not all solutions reach the same height when set to rise in filter paper. Goppelsroder (in Switzerland) found relations between the height to which a solution climbs in paper and its chemical composition. In 1861 he wrote 1 am convinced that this method will prove to be very practical for the rapid determination of the nature of a mixture of dyes, especially if appropriately chosen and characterised reagents are used. ... 

Esterification of cellulose to give cellulose trinitrate was discovered by Schonbein in 1846 using a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The resultant compound was so flammable that its first use was as smokeless gunpowder. By the end of the ninteenth century, cellulose nitrates had been prepared with a lower DS, and they could safely be used for other purposes. All cellulose nitrates are prepared by Schonbein s method, in which an... 

Gun cotton was a serendipitous discovery in about 1846 of Chrisfian Schonbein (1), a Swiss professor of chemistry. He mopped up a spill of nitric and sulfuric acids with his wife s apron and set the washed apron to dry in fiont of the stove. You might say that Schonbein s discovery occurred in a flash because the apron ignited as it dried. Dr. Schonbein had created cellulose nitrate, a modified form of cellulose. This polymer was first made by Braconnot (2) in 1832 but Schonbein s synthesis method (1) could be commercialized. It is shown in Figure 1. The European political environment in which Schonbein made his discovery was one of incessant military conflict and so was highly receptive to a new eiqilosive. Schonbein patented his discovery and allowed it to be commercialized in Austria and England. Unfortunately, cellulose nitrate was so unstable that the last plant making Schonbein s product blew itself up in 1862. 

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