Schizophyllan

Itou, T., Teramoto, A., Matsuo, T., and Suga, H., Isotope effect on the order-disorder transition in aqueous schizophyllan, Carbohydr. Res., 160, 243, 1987. 

Consistent with the above observations, the immunoactive glucans such as curdlan (9), lentinan (10), scleroglucan (11), schizophyllan (12) and yeast glucan (13) share a common p-D(l-3)-linked glucopyronosyl backbone. Some of these polymers also contain p-D(l-6)-linked glucopyranosyl branches through the 3,6-di-O-substituted C-6 atom of the backbone residues. 

T. Hasegawa, T. Fujisawa, M. Numata, M. Umeda, T. Matsumodo, T. Kimura, S. Okumura, K. Sakurai, and S. Shinkai, Single-walled carbon nanotubes acquire a specific lectin-affinity through supramolecular wrapping with lactose-appended schizophyllan, Chem. Commun. (2004) 2150-2151. 

Figure 7.10 Repeating unit of (a) schizophyllan and its representative model of the (b) triplehelix. (Reprinted with permission of American Chemical Society from Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 122, p. 4520 and ff., copyright 2000.)...

Figure 46 CD and UV spectra for amylose- and schizophyllan-wrapped decasilane.337Reprinted with permission from Sanji, T. Kato, N. Kato, M. Tanaka, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, (in press), 2005 Wiley-VCH. 

Fig. 4. Comparison between the scaled particle theory and experiment for reciprocal osmotic compressibility of schizophyllan-water [63], Arrows indicate Q.

Figure 4 compares osmotic compressibility data for isotropic schizophyllan-water solutions [63] with the scaled particle theory. The ratios of the z-average to the weight-average molecular weights of these schizophyllan samples are ca. 1.2. The solid curves, calculated with d taken to be 1.52 nm and other molecular parameters (Lc, v, and c ) estimated from Mw and the wormlike chain parameters in Table 1, are seen to come close to the data points for all samples. 

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental phase boundary concentrations between the isotropic and biphasic regions for various liquid-crystalline polymer solutions with the scaled particle theory for wormlike hard spherocylinders. ( ) schizophyllan water [65] (A) poly y-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG)-dimethylformamide (DMF) [66-69] (A) PBLG-m-cresoI [70] ( ) PBLG-dioxane [71] (O) PBLG-methylene chloride [71] (o) po y(n-hexyl isocyanate) (PHICH°Iuene at 10,25,30,40 °C [64] (O) PHIC-dichloromethane (DCM) at 20 °C [64] (5) a po y(yne)-platinum polymer (PYPt)-tuchIoroethane (TCE) [33] ( ) (hydroxypropyl)-cellulose (HPC)-water [34] ( ) HPC-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) [34] (N) (acetoxypropyl) cellulose (APC)-dibutylphthalate (DBP) [35] ( ) cellulose triacetate (CTA)-trifluoroacetic acid [72]...

Fig. 9. Phase diagrams of quasi-ternary systems containing two different molecular weight samples a PHIC-toluene with (Ni, N2) = (4.46,0.38) [73] b schizophyllan-water system with (Nt, N2) = (0.930, 0.0765) [75,76]. (O, A) experimental coexisting isotropic phase ( , , ) experimental coexisting anisotropic phase dashed segments, experimental tie lines the shadowed triangular region, the IAA triphasic region thick full curves, theoretical binodals thin full segments, theoretical tie lines...

The ternary phase diagram shown in Fig. 9b for the schizophyllan-water system has two more phase regions the isotropic-anisotropic (cholesteric)-anisotropic triphasic region (IAA) and the anisotropic-anisotropic biphasic region (AA). This was the first observation of the complex phase diagram as had been predicted by Abe and Flory, but the diagram quantitatively departs from their prediction in the positions and sizes of the regions [76]. 

The IA phase coexistence equations could not be solved in a low E, region for the aqueous schizophyllan system, where the degree of orientation parameter a2 of the lower molecular weight polymer component 2 becomes very small. This is mainly due to poor approximations in the asymptotic expansions of p , and a,(N) at small ot2 values. The broken binodals in Panel b of Fig. 9 are not calculated results but interpolation curves. 

The zero-shear viscosity r 0 has been measured for isotropic solutions of various liquid-crystalline polymers over wide ranges of polymer concentration and molecular weight [70,128,132-139]. This quantity is convenient for studying the stiff-chain dynamics in concentrated solution, because its measurement is relatively easy and it is less sensitive to the molecular weight distribution (see below). Here we deal with four stiff-chain polymers well characterized molecu-larly schizophyllan (a triple-helical polysaccharide), xanthan (double-helical ionic polysaccharide), PBLG, and poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA Kevlar). The wormlike chain parameters of these polymers are listed in Tables... 

Figure 22 illustrates such plots with the r)0 data for aqueous xanthan solutions [128], where a reduced concentration L3 c instead of c is used for the abscissa. In agreement with the expectation, the data points for each sample almost follow a straight line. The vertical segments in the upper panel indicate the (reduced) phase boundary concentration Lfc) between the isotropic and biphasic regions. Similar linear plots have been obtained from q0 data for aqueous schizophyllan solutions [19,136,137],... 

Fig. 23. Plot of B/(2q)3 vs N for aqueous xanthan (filled circles) and schizophyllan (unfilled circles). Solid curve, calculated from Eqs. (78), (43), (51), (52) along with C, = 0 dot-dash curve, from the same equation with C, — 1 and d/2q = 0.0092 dashed curve, from the same equations with the interpolation formula (Eq. (80)) for Cr dotted curve, from Eq. (78) with Le and d, replaced by L and d (rod limit)...

Figure 24 shows the N dependence of VJ q)3 for aqueous xanthan and schizophyllan. For both systems, V increases monotonically with N. As mentioned in Sect. 6.3.2, if the critical hole for longtitudinal diffusion has similarity ratio X to the fuzzy cylinder, V x is given by Eq. (56), and if X and d are taken to be 0.11 and 2.2 nm for xanthan and 0.13 and 2.6 nm for schizophyllan (cf. Tables 2 and 6), this equation gives the solid curves shown in Fig. 24. They fit closely the data points for the two systems over the entire range of N examined.

Schizophyllan, curdlan, paramylon D-Glucose (31,3 Pl,6 on every third residue... 

Abstract Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific dehvery is also briefly... 

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