Schizophrenia second-generation antipsychotics

Waddington J and Casey D (2000). Comparative pharmacology of classical and novel (second-generation) antipsychotics. In PF Buckley and JL Waddington (eds), Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders (pp. 1-13). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. 

Weiss, E.M.. Bilder, R.M., Fleischhacker, W.W. The effects of second-generation antipsychotics on cognitive functioning and psychosocial outcome in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 162, 11-17, 2002. 

Since the 1990s a range of new compounds have been introduced for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. Although these compounds vary significantly in their pharmacological actions, they are collectively referred to as atypical antipsychotics or second-generation antipsychotics. The property they are all supposed to share is a lower... 

Rosenheck, R., Leslie, D., Sindelar, J., Miller, E., Lin, H., Stroup, T., et al. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of second generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 2080-2089. 

Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. 2005. Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia Insights from brain imaging studies. Eur Psychiatry 20 15-27. 

Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia ... 

An important leap in the treatment of schizophrenia occurred in the late 1980s with the introduction of the first of a number of medications that offered a wider spectrum of action and relatively improved tolerability. Some of these atypical antipsychotics, also called second-generation antipsychotics, are listed in Table 5.13. 

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (also known as atypical antipsy-chotics), except clozapine, are the agents of first choice in treatment of schizophrenia. Growing, but stiU controversial, evidence supports that the SGAs (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole) have superior efficacy for treatment of negative symptoms, cognition, and mood. 

Olanzapine Alcohol Olanzapine is a second generation antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and mania related to bipolar disorder. Olanzapine binds neurotransmitter receptors of several classes including dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors [249, 250]. 

Reist C, Mintz J, Albers LJ, etal. Second-generation antipsychotic exposure and metabolic-related disorders in patients with schizophrenia an observational pharmacoepidemiology study from 1988 to 2002. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007 27 46-51. 

With the widespread use of second-generation antipsychotics (SCAs) as first-line treatment, the management of schizophrenia has improved with regard to side-effects, adherence with medication, and, in many cases, efficacy in comparison with the first-generation antipsychotics. 

Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Schwarz S, Hunger H,. Schmid F, Lobos CA, Kissling W, Davis JM, Leucht S. Head-to-head comparisons of metabohc side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schi-zophr Res 2010 123 225-33. 

People with schizophrenia have substantially increased rates of mortality than the general population because of chronic illness, particularly cardiovascular disease [8 ]. In an 11-year follow-up study of mortality in patients with schizophrenia (n = 66 881), the gap in life expectancy between patients with schizophrenia and the general population in Finland did not widen between 1996 (25 years) and 2006 (23 years) [9, 10/]. During that time, the proportion of use of second-generation antipsychotic drugs rose from 13% to 64%. Compared with current use of perphenazine, the highest risk of overall mortality was recorded for... 

Systematic reviews First-generation and second-generation antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia have been compared in a meta-analysis [14= ] (for an in-depth review, see SEDA-27, 50). The study included 150 double-blind, mostly shortterm, randomized clinical trials with 21 533 participants. Four second-generation antipsychotic drugs (amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone) were better than first-generation ones for overall... 

Patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia who are treated with second-generation antipsychotic drugs had similar high rates of the metabolic syndrome in a retrospective comparison of different metabolic parameters [33 f. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a matched and randomly selected sample was 43% in bipolar disorder (n = 74) and 46% in schizophrenia (n = 111). 

Sikich L, Frazier JA, McClellan J, Findling RL, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Ambler D, Puglia M, Maloney AE, Michael E, De Jong S, Slifka K, Noyes N, Hlastala S, Pierson L, McNamara NK, Delporto-Bedoya D, Anderson R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA. Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder findings from the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry 2008 165(11) 1420-31. 

Correll CU, Frederickson AM, Kane JM, Manu P. Equally increased risk for metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Bipolar Disord 2008 10(7) 788-97. 

Smith M, Hopkins D, Peveler RC, Holt RI, Woodward M, Ismail K. First- v. second-generation antipsychotics and risk for diabetes in schizophrenia systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2008 192(6) 406-11. 

Lencer R, Sprenger A, Harris MS, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008 65(10) 1146-54. 

Suzuki Y, Sugai T, Fukui N, Watanabe J, Ono S, Tsuneyama N, et al. Sex differences in the effect of four second-generation antipsychotics on QTc interval in patients with schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013 28(3) 215-9. 

Sugai T, Suzuki Y, Fukui N, Ono S, Watanabe J, Tsuneyama N, et al. Dysregulation of adipocytokines related to second-generation antipsychotics in normal fasting glucose patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012 32(3) 390-3. 

The first of the second-generation, or atypical, antipsychotics was clozapine. Clozapine (Clozaril) is relatively free of the movement disorders that characterize the first-generation drugs. This is true of, and defines, second-generation, atypical antipsychotics. It was a significant breakthrough for schizophrenia patients. 

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