Schematic diagram apparatus

A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Figure 3.2. The molecules are introduced under a partial vacuum of 10 torr into a buffer chamber that communicates via molecular slipstream with the source itself at 10 to 10 torr in order to ensure a constant concentration in the source at all times during the analysis. 

Fig. V-17. Schematic diagram for the apparatus for measurement of Vobs (see text). The vibrating reference electrode is positioned close to the surface of a AgN03 solution in which there is an Ag electrode, which, in turn, is in electrical contact with the reference electrode. (From Ref. 196.)...

In essence, a guided-ion beam is a double mass spectrometer. Figure A3.5.9 shows a schematic diagram of a griided-ion beam apparatus [104]. Ions are created and extracted from an ion source. Many types of source have been used and the choice depends upon the application. Combining a flow tube such as that described in this chapter has proven to be versatile and it ensures the ions are thennalized [105]. After extraction, the ions are mass selected. Many types of mass spectrometer can be used a Wien ExB filter is shown. The ions are then injected into an octopole ion trap. The octopole consists of eight parallel rods arranged on a circle. An RF... 

Figure Bl.2.12. Schematic diagram of apparatus for confocal Raman microscopy. From [3], used with penuission.

Figure Bl.7.12. A schematic diagram of a typical selected-ion flow (SIFT) apparatus. (Smith D and Adams N G 1988 The selected ion flow tube (SIFT) studies of ion-neutral reactions Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics vol 24, ed D Bates and B Bederson p 4. Copyright Academic Press, Inc. Reproduced with pennission.)...

Figure B2.3.9. Schematic diagram of an apparatus for laser fluorescence detection of reaction products. The dye laser is syncln-onized to fire a short delay after the excimer laser pulse, which is used to generate one of the reagents photolytically.

Figure C2.9.3 Schematic diagrams of the interfaces reaiized by (a) tire atomic force microscope, (b) tire surface forces apparatus and (c) tire quartz crystai microbaiance for achieving fundamentai measurements of friction in weii defined systems.

Figure C3.1.3. Schematic diagram of Jouie heating T -jump apparatus for transient spectroscopy. (Adapted from French T C and Hammes G G i969 hdethods Enzymol. 16 3.)...

Sensitivity levels more typical of kinetic studies are of the order of lO molecules cm . A schematic diagram of an apparatus for kinetic LIF measurements is shown in figure C3.I.8. A limitation of this approach is that only relative concentrations are easily measured, in contrast to absorjDtion measurements, which yield absolute concentrations. Another important limitation is that not all molecules have measurable fluorescence, as radiationless transitions can be the dominant decay route for electronic excitation in polyatomic molecules. However, the latter situation can also be an advantage in complex molecules, such as proteins, where a lack of background fluorescence allow s the selective introduction of fluorescent chromophores as probes for kinetic studies. (Tryptophan is the only strongly fluorescent amino acid naturally present in proteins, for instance.)... 

Figure C3.1.8. Schematic diagram of a transient kinetic apparatus using iaser-induced fluorescence (LIF) as a probe and a CO2 iaser as a pump source. (From Steinfeid J I, Francisco J S and Fiase W L i989 Chemical Kinetics and. Dynamics (Engiewood Ciiffs, NJ Prentice-Fiaii).)...

Figure C3.3.4 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus tliat can be used to study collisions of tlie type described above [5, 9,12,16]. Donor molecules in a 3 m long collision cell (a cylindrical tube) are excited along tlie axis of tlie cell by a short-pulse excimer laser (typically 25 ns pulse widtli operating at 248 mil), and batli molecules are probed along tliis same axis by an infrared diode laser (wavelengtli in tlie mid-infrared witli continuous light-output...

Figure C3.3.4. A schematic diagram of an apparatus described in the text for studying vibrational energy transfer to small bath molecules from donor molecules having chemically significant amounts of internal vibrational energy.

Schematic diagrams of modem experimental apparatus used for IR pump-probe by Payer and co-workers [50] and for IR-Raman experiments by Dlott and co-workers [39] are shown in figure C3.5.3. Ultrafast mid-IR pulse generation by optical parametric amplification (OPA) [71] will not discussed here. Single-colour IR pump-probe or vibrational echo experiments have been perfonned with OP As or free-electron lasers. Free-electron lasers use...

Figure 12.22 Schematic diagram showing the flow of excitation energy in the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus. The energy of a photon absorbed by LH2 spreads rapidly through the periplasmic ring of bacterio-chlorophyll molecules (green). Where two complexes touch in the membrane, the energy can be transmitted to an adjacent LH2 ring. From there it passes by the same mechanism to LHl and is finally transmitted to the special chlorophyll pair in the reaction center. (Adapted from W. Kiihlbrandf, Structure 3 521-525, 1995.)...

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of a Karr microscopy apparatus/...

Fig. 3.33. Schematic diagram ofthe commercial INA-3 HF-plasma SNMS apparatus (SPECS, Berlin, Germany).

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the molding apparatus used for the manufacture of ORNL s porous carbon fiber-carbon binder composites.

FIGURE 1.5 Schematic diagram of response production by an agonist. An initial stimulus is produced at the receptor as a result of agonist-receptor interaction. This stimulus is processed by the stimulus-response apparatus of the cell into observable cellular response. 

A schematic diagram showing the disposition of these essential components for the different techniques is given in Fig. 21.3. The components included within the frame drawn in broken lines represent the apparatus required for flame emission spectroscopy. For atomic absorption spectroscopy and for atomic fluorescence spectroscopy there is the additional requirement of a resonance line source, In atomic absorption spectroscopy this source is placed in line with the detector, but in atomic fluorescence spectroscopy it is placed in a position at right angles to the detector as shown in the diagram. The essential components of the apparatus required for flame spectrophotometric techniques will be considered in detail in the following sections. 

Fig. 11-4. Schematic diagram of apparatus for determining dry weight of living tissues. (Courtesy of Lindstrom, Ada Radiol. SuppL, 125, 1955, page G5.)...

Fig 19 Schematic Diagram of Apparatus Showing the Important Elements of its Construction... 

Schematic diagram of a flash photolysis apparatus arranged for right-angle excitation and detection.

Figure 9.23. Schematic diagram of the apparatus (a, left) and of the electrochemical cell-reactor (b, right) used for H2 oxidation on Pt/Nafion.35 Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.

The apparatus and procedure used in this work have been described in detail elsewhere (2, 16), and a schematic diagram of the equipment is included in the article by Lindholm in this volume (10). 

Modified ARC Experiments. Pressure and temperature data at pre-exotherm temperatures may be collected by running the ARC under modified conditions. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup of a modified ARC apparatus is shown in Figure 1. 

Fig. 23. Schematic diagram of the 4-roll mill apparatus. Schematic representation of the flow field within the mill illustrating the deformation of a fluid element [35]...

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the capillary flow loop apparatus. From reference [54], reproduced with permission. 1995, Wiley-Liss, Inc, a subsidiary of Wiley, New York...

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus 3. Results and discussion...

A thermal plasma system has been developed for the decomposition of methane. A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The system consists primarily of D.C. plasma torch, plasma reactor and filter assembly. Plasma was discharged between a tungsten cathode and a copper anode using N2 gas. All the experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure at 6 kW input electric power and N2 flow rate of 10 to 12 1/min. The feed gas (CH4) flow rates were varied from 3 to 15 1/min depending on the operating conditions, shown in Table. 1. 

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus Co.) and carbon particle size analyzer(LS230, COULTER Co.).

A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. A rotating fluidized bed composes of a plenum chamber and a porous cylindrical air distributor (ID400xD100mm) made of stainless sintered mesh with 20(xm openings [2-3]. The horizontal cylinder (air distributor) rotates around its axis of symmetry inside the plenum chamber. There is a stationary cylindrical filter (ID140xD100mm, 20(o.m openings) inside the air distributor to retain elutriated fine particle. A binary spray nozzle moimted on the metal filter sprays binder mist into the particle bed. A pulse air-jet nozzle is also placed inside the filter, which cleans up the filter surface in order to prevent clogging. 

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