Scattering dependent

Figure Bl.9.1. Diagrams showing that x-ray and light scattering involve extra-nuclear electrons, while neutron scattering depends on the nature of the atomic nucleus.

Neutron scattering depends upon nuclear properties, which are related to fluctuations in the neutron scattering cross section a between the scatterer and the surroundings. The scattered amplitude from a collection of scatterers can thus be written as (similar to (B 1.9.29)) ... 

From the point of view of systematic data analysis, it has been found that consistent results can be obtained only with burn-out data produced under stable conditions. The unstable condition leads to considerable scatter, depending on the particular setting of a valve, the size of a compressible volume, the method of preforming a steam and water mixture, and so on. These latter quantities have either been recorded with very low accuracy, or have not been recorded at all. Therefore, the unstable-conditions data appear to be of little value, except for qualitative purposes. In any case, one is usually not interested in instabilities apart from knowing how to avoid them, which is by having a hard inlet. 

The intensities of Raman scattering depend on the square of the infinitesimal change of the polarizability a with respect to the normal coordinates, q. Since the polarizability itself is already the second derivative of the energy with respect to the electric field - see equa-... 

The contribution of spectrometer surface scatter depends upon the design, quality, and alignment of the spectometer components. Surface scatter may originate from the grating, slits, mirrors, refractor plates, photomultiplier(s), light baffles, interference filters, dust, and the spectrometer interior surfaces. Essentially all internal surfaces may contribute to scatter. 

X-ray diffraction experiments are applicable to all crystalline and amorphous solids and to all liquids and dispersions. The intensity of the X-ray scattering depends on the number of electrons in the atoms. Consequently, the obtainable information is limited in materials containing only light atoms. No information is obtained about the locations of hydrogen atoms. 

Crystal structure of a protein molecule can also be determined by x-ray crystallography. Purified protein is crystallized either by batch methods or vapor diffusion. X-rays are directed at a crystal of protein. The rays are scattered depending on the electron densities in different positions of a protein. Images are translated onto electron density maps and then analyzed computationally to construct a model of the protein. It is especially important for structure-based drug designs. 

Both the fat and protein of milk scatter light, the amount of scattering depending upon the number and size of the particles, the wavelength of the incident radiation, and the difference in refractive index between the different kinds of particles and the solvent (Ashworth... 

The operation of AIDECS is based on the Compton 7-ray scattering effect discussed previously in this article. It was stated that the amount of scattering depends on the material density and that it is possible to detect density changes by measuring the variations in the radiation scattered from different points in an object. In the case of HE-loaded artillery shell, these density changes serve to identify flaws... 

For any vibrational mode, the relative intensities of Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering depend only on the temperature. Measurement of this ratio can be used for temperature measurement, although this application is not commonly encountered in pharmaceutical or biomedical applications. Raman scattering based on rotational transitions in the gas phase and low energy (near-infrared) electronic transitions in condensed phases can also be observed. These forms of Raman scattering are sometimes used by physical chemists. However, as a practical matter, to most scientists, Raman spectroscopy means and will continue to mean vibrational Raman spectroscopy. 

First of all, why are the electromagnetic properties of molecules worth investigation There are generally two reasons, the first of which is to enable one to calculate experimentally useful quantities in order to make new predictions apart from multipoles and polarizabilities themselves there are quantities that arise in the theory of the interaction between radiation and matter it is trite but true to say that the whole of spectroscopy and of light scattering depend on electromagnetic properties. In many... 

A small amount of the material under investigation is deposited on an electron-transparent plastic or carbon film (10-20 nm thick) supported on a fine copper mesh grid. The sample scatters electrons out of the field of view, and the final image can be made visible on a fluorescent screen. The amount of scattering depends on the thickness and on the atomic number of the atoms forming the specimen, so that organic materials are relatively electron-transparent... 

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