Microscopy, scanning electron. See

Fig. 4(b) shows the X-ray diffraction pattern for the ZnO film produced at P = 5 W/cm for a wider 29 range. For all the films produced only the ZnO (002) peak at 20 w 34° is observed, revealing that the films are nanocrystalline with a hexagonal structure and a preferred orientation with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate. This is also consistent with the results obtained by scanning electron microscopy (see Fig. 5). 

Tape lifting, where samples are simply, quickly, and directly collected onto adhesive tape, is the main method of collection for analysis by scanning electron microscopy (see below). This technique with subsequent dissolution of the residues in a suitable solvent has also been used to collect GSR prior to... 

P. R. Thornton, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Chapman and Hall, 1968. See also Scanning Electron Microscopy Systems and Applications, The Institute of Physics, London, 1973. 

Additional information on elastomer and SAN microstmcture is provided by C-nmr analysis (100). Rubber particle composition may be inferred from glass-transition data provided by thermal or mechanochemical analysis. Rubber particle morphology as obtained by transmission or scanning electron microscopy (101) is indicative of the ABS manufacturing process (77). (See Figs. 1 and 2.)... 

Asbestos fiber identification can also be achieved through transmission or scanning electron microscopy (tern, sem) techniques which are especially usefiil with very short fibers, or with extremely small samples (see Microscopy). With appropriate peripheral instmmentation, these techniques can yield the elemental composition of the fibers using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence, or the crystal stmcture from electron diffraction, selected area electron diffraction (saed). 

In order to see the effect of the compatibilizer more clearly, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) micrographs of the peeled back exposed surface of the spun fibers are shown in Fig. 7. In a noncompatibilized blend, the long TLCP fibrils are bundled together (Fig. 7A). The fibril surface looks quite clean and smooth along the... 

Analytical studies, using scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe techniques (see Textbox 10), revealed that the mixture used for making this particular type of ceramic material consists mainly of clay, comminuted... 

In 1994, we reported the dispersion polymerization of MM A in supercritical C02 [103]. This work represents the first successful dispersion polymerization of a lipophilic monomer in a supercritical fluid continuous phase. In these experiments, we took advantage of the amphiphilic nature of the homopolymer PFOA to effect the polymerization of MMA to high conversions (>90%) and high degrees of polymerization (> 3000) in supercritical C02. These polymerizations were conducted in C02 at 65 °C and 207 bar, and AIBN or a fluorinated derivative of AIBN were employed as the initiators. The results from the AIBN initiated polymerizations are shown in Table 3. The spherical polymer particles which resulted from these dispersion polymerizations were isolated by simply venting the C02 from the reaction mixture. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the product consisted of spheres in the pm size range with a narrow particle size distribution (see Fig. 7). In contrast, reactions which were performed in the absence of PFOA resulted in relatively low conversion and molar masses. Moreover, the polymer which resulted from these precipitation... 

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