Saturation calculation

Examples of Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Saturation Calculations Conducted with Subroutine ELIPS... 

Fig. 3.2 Adsorption isotherms for argon and nitrogen at 78 K and for n-butane at 273 K on porous glass No. 3. Open symbols, adsorption solid symbols, desorption (courtesy Emmett and Cines). The uptake at saturation (calculate as volume of liquid) was as follows argon at 78 K, 00452 nitrogen at 78 K, 00455 butane at 273 K, 00434cm g .

Wet materia], containing 70% moisture, is to be dried at the rate of 0.15 kg/s in a countercurrent dryer to give a product containing 5% moisture (both on a wet basis). The drying medium consists of air heated to 373 K and containing water vapour equivalent to a partial pressure of 1.0 kN/m2. The air leaves the dryer at 313 K and 70% saturated. Calculate how much air will be required to remove the moisture. The vapour pressure of water at 313 K may be taken as 7.4 kN/m-. 

Fig. 2.19. Reservoir temperature versus saturation indices (logQ/K) for calcite, anhydrite, K-feldspar and K-mica based on the estimated composition of reservoir fluid (Seki, 1991). Estimation based on gas results of Seki (1990), with saturation calculations carried out by PECS (Takeno, 1988). Gas concentrations were assumed to be 1 wt% of CO2 and 250 mg/kg for H2S for all wells (Seki, 1991).

Figure 5. The critical absolute permeability necessary to sustain the stability of a static foam as a function of liquid saturation. Calculations are for the constant-charge electrostatic model.

The observed formation of calcite scales in geothermal wells is consistent with calcite saturation calculations (see Fig. 14). The intensity of calcite deposition is largely determined by two factors, the temperature of the water and its salt content (Arnorsson 1978a). In relation to temperature, calcite scale formation is most troublesome around 200 C and it decreases at both higher and lower T. The cause is the temperature variation in the solubility of C02. It is at a... 

Alkalinity has to be measured in the field because C02 is often pressurized in groundwater (due to addition of C02 from soil and other underground sources). Upon exposure to the atmosphere some C02 may leave the water, causing part of the HCO3 to break down. For these reasons it is highly recommended that alkalinity be determined in the field. Field-measured alkalinity values are needed for water-rock saturation calculations. Various setups are available for alkalinity measurements in the field by titration of the sample with an acid and pH coloring indicator. 

Parts of a conceptual model, or all of it, may in many cases be quantified, using mass or energy balances, chemical equilibria and degree of saturation calculations, flow velocities calculated by hydraulic parameters, or velocities calculated via isotopic age indicators. In presenting the mathematical calculations, knowns and unknowns have to be clearly defined, and basic assumptions have to be discussed. Each calculation should be accompanied by an evaluation of its degree of confidence. 

The wet-bulb temperature of the entering air is 11° . Assuming the air leaving the tower to be saturated, calculate with the aid of the data given below ... 

Times to attain various degrees of saturation (calculated using rate for lower Sp of range) of soil water at site 16, using Indian Ocean rate equation of Morse (1978, p.348) and equation 15 of Plummer et al. (1979, p.546)... 

Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25°C) until it is saturated. Calculate the Cl concentration in such a solution. 

From distribution experiments at 25°C [150] water and nitrobenzene are mutually saturated. Calculated from the modified Born expression for single-ion transfer [Eq. (17)] with = 34.8 (Table 5) and A, = 0.080 nm. 

Table 4.2 Experimental data recorded for the capillary pressure experiment described in Example 4.2 and values of cake saturation calculated using equation (4.30). ...

Introduce an intermediate substrate-enzyme complex [SE] into the first step of the reaction chain of Section 2.7 similarly as in the model of Section 2.2. Prove that now for increasing values of the substrate concentration S the steady state flux 1 saturates. Calculate the saturation value of 7. 

The oxygen saturation calculated with the sensors jmlynomial re mnse equation only has to be corrected by a simple factor close to 1. The interval between field calibrations very much depends on the type of electrode, the mechanical stress during operation and the desired precision. 

NIST/ASME Steam Properties Database versiou 2.21 http //www.nist.gov/srd/nistlO.cfm (accessed November 10, 2010) (purchase required). Thermophysical properties include in the STEAM Database temperature, Helmholtz energy, thermodynamic derivatives, pressure, Gibbs energy, density, fugacity, thermal conductivity, volume, isothermal compressibility, viscosity, dielectric constant, enthalpy, volume expansivity, dielectric derivatives, internal energy, speed of sound, Debye-Hlickel slopes, entropy, Joule-Thomson coefficient, refractive index, heat capacity, surface tension. The STEAM database generates tables and plots of property values. Vapor-liquid-solid saturation calculations with either temperature or pressure specified are available. 

Liu, C., Weilin, Y., Qingshan, Y., and Hongyu, M. 2010. Logging Response Characteristic Analyses and Saturation Calculation Method for Polymer Flooded Reservoir. Paper SPE 131472 presented at the International Pil and Gas Conference and Exhibition In China, Beijing, 8-10 June. DPI 10.2118/131472-MS. 

Raised metHb levels can falsely elevate the calculated oxygen saturation on arterial blood gas analysis. A saturation gap wiU occur when there is a difference between the O2 saturation measured on pulse oximetry and the O2 saturation calculated on arterial blood gases which may indicate methaemoglobinaemia. 

Temperature = 80°C, Pressure = 300 kPa, both gases fully saturated. Calculate cell ionic resistance and hydrogen crossover for two different membranes, namely Nafion 112 and 117. 

The equation shows that for a saturation calculation from a measured R, the resistivity under the condition of water saturation Rq must be known. Rq can be calculated, for example, using Eq. (8.18) with the input of porosity 4> (from a separate measurement), the two empirical exponents m,n, and the water resistivity R ... 

Figure 8.25 shows a comparison of the shale effect on the result of water saturation calculation. Input are the measured formation resistivity / t, the shale content Psh, the shale resistivity Rsh, the water resistivity the porosity (j), and the Archie parameters m,n. 

Track 4 compares the saturation-calculation results of a conventional shaly sand analysis using standard induction log data (which is essentially measuring horizontal resistivity) to a 3DEX- (tensor) based laminated shaly sand analysis that incorporates vertical resistivity as well. Water saturation in the pay zone has been reduced to approximately 25%. It means that an additional 40-50 ft. of pay has been identified and quantified by having vertical resistivity from 3DEX and using it in the petrophysical analysis. 

Figure 11.3 Fugacity coefficients of napthalene in ethane at saturation. (Calculated from the solubility data of Johnston et al, 1982.)...

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