Distribution experiments

The continuous spectrum is thus characterized by a short-wavelength limit and an intensity distribution. Experiments on other target materials have shown that these characteristics are independent of the target material although the integrated intensity increases with atomic number. (See Equation 1-3.) The continuous spectrum, therefore, results generally from the interaction of electrons with matter. Attempts (none completely successful) have been made to treat this interaction theoretically by both classical and quantum mechanics. 

Ross (R2) measured liquid-phase holdup and residence-time distribution by a tracer-pulse technique. Experiments were carried out for cocurrent flow in model columns of 2- and 4-in. diameter with air and water as fluid media, as well as in pilot-scale and industrial-scale reactors of 2-in. and 6.5-ft diameters used for the catalytic hydrogenation of petroleum fractions. The columns were packed with commercial cylindrical catalyst pellets of -in. diameter and length. The liquid holdup was from 40 to 50% of total bed volume for nominal liquid velocities from 8 to 200 ft/hr in the model reactors, from 26 to 32% of volume for nominal liquid velocities from 6 to 10.5 ft/hr in the pilot unit, and from 20 to 27 % for nominal liquid velocities from 27.9 to 68.6 ft/hr in the industrial unit. In that work, a few sets of results of residence-time distribution experiments are reported in graphical form, as tracer-response curves. 

Hoogendoorn and Lips (H10) carried out residence-time distribution experiments for countercurrent trickle flow in a column of 1.33-ft diameter and 5- and 10-ft height packed with -in. porcelain Raschig rings. The fluid media were air and water, and ammonium chloride was used as tracer. The total liquid holdup was calculated from the mean residence time as found... 

To run the residence time distribution experiments under conditions which would simulate the conditions occurring during chemical reaction, solutions of 15 weight percent and 30 percent polystyrene in benzene as well as pure benzene were used as the fluid medium. The polystyrene used in the RTD experiment was prepared in a batch reactor and had a number average degree of polymerization of 320 and a polydispersity index, DI, of 1.17. 

To elucidate the fate of these compounds at sediment-water interfaces, sediment/water mixtures (Lake Macatawa, Holland, MI) were spiked with DCB and incubated at 20 °C for 12 months under anaerobic conditions [72]. Dehalogenation of DCB to benzidine appeared to take place through a transient intermediate, 3-monochlorobenzidine (Fig. 27), which was observed in time-course analyses of the sediment/water mixtures. No metabolites were observed in autoclaved samples, suggesting that dehalogenation of DCB in anaerobic sediment/water systems was mediated by microbial activity. The product of dehalogenation (benzidine, Fig. 27) is more toxic to humans than the parent compound, DCB. From sediment/water distribution experiments, DCB showed greater affinity for the sediment phase than its non-chlorinated derivative,... 

The primary parameter in solvent extraction is the measured distribution ratio, where it is up to the writer to define what is being measured, indicating this by an appropriate index. In the Nernst distribution experiment described earlier, the analytically measured concentration of benzoic acid is in the aqueous phase [Bz]aq,tot = [HBz]aq + [Bz ]aq, and in the organic phase [Bz] , tot= [HBzJorg + [HjBzjlo . Thus the measured distribution ratio, abbreviated Z)bz, becomes... 

Mouse distribution experiments were performed with Sr++[2.2.2] following the protocol developed for Ag cryptate, except that measurements were done at only 1 and 15 minutes after injection. 

It will be seen immediately that the kinetic energy distribution experiences a conspicuous change when the photon energy is monotonously increased above the photoionization potential lv indicated in the respective figure legend. 

Fig. 16.34. Measured number and mass density distribution, experiment V-l 3.

The random hazard rate model is easily obtained from the above by considering a single unit, mo = 1, and no particles initially administered into the system. The first two moments are obtained by summing n0 independent and identically distributed experiments ... 

Current Distribution Experiment Sample Data Sheet... 

Numerous culture studies of alkenone-producing species and strains have followed PrahTs initial studies, under the theory that cultures uniquely allow the experimentahst to isolate factors that may influence alkenone and alkenoate distributions. Experience shows that differences can exist between results obtained from using batch... 

Step growth polymerization of rodlike molecules has some features which qualitatively differentiate it from the step growth polymerization of flexible molecules. Experimental studies of the kinetics show that the polymerization becomes diffusion controlled at moderate polymer lengths and the rate of polymerization increases upon shearing the polymerizing mixture. Furthermore, diffusion control results in narrower molecular weight distributions compared to the Flory distribution for flexible molecules, whereas shear flow produces wider molecular weight distributions. Experiments also indicate that the polymerization may be diffusion controlled in the nematic phase, and transition to the nematic phase does not produce an increase in the polymerization rate. 

Illinois No. 2. One variable that was not examined in this study on the effects of rank is maceral distribution. Experiments are being planned on the reaction of different macerals to this treatment. 

Estimated by relative solubilities in DMF and this solvent. Data from Seidell, (1941) and from A Review of Catalytic and Synthetic Applications for DMF and DMAC , E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington 98, Delawcue, 1969. Determined by distribution experiments. R. Alexander, E. Ko and A. J. Parker, unpublished observations. Kolthofi and Thomas (1966). fatO°C. 

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