Sapphire glass

Fig. 2.16 Transmission vs. wavelength at 10 mm thick sapphire glass. Reprinted from Mishan et al. (2007) with permission...

S.G. Sapphire Glass P.G. Pressure Gauge S Stroke Gauge T Thermocouple... 

Cerahrx . [Condea Chemie GmbH] Ultra-pure aluminas used for translucent cerairtics, syndietic sapphire glass, in the laser industry, fm heavy- ty cutting tocds, for bioceramics. 

Fig. 27. Abrupt contraction cell for flow visualization, birefringence and degradation measurements A inlet (from a peristaltic pump of a pressurized reservoir B outlet (atmospheric pressure or partial vacuum) C interchangeable metallic nozzle with a sapphire tip D capillary flow meter E glass window for flow visualization AP pressure drop (from pressure transducers)...

The entrance window is a relevant part of the sensor. Common glasses as well as most transparent plastics block UV radiation. Standard UV-transmitting materials like quartz and sapphire are expensive. For UVA and to some extent the UVB special glasses but also plastics like some PMMA-derivatives or some silicon gels are available with a reasonable transmittance down to about 330 nm. For UVC applications with the important 254 nm line of Hg, quartz remains the standard solution. 

A schematic diagram of a high performance liquid chromatograph is shown in Figure 4.30 and details of the components are discussed below. All materials which come into contact with the mobile phase are manufactured from stainless steel, PTFE, sapphire, ruby or glass for inertness. 

Figure 8.5 The vessel of the LKB 8700 reaction-solution calorimeter. A thermistor B heater used for calibration C stirrer/ampule holder D glass ampule E sapphire pin. Adapted from [132].

As discussed in previous chapters, the phase behavior with changing temperature and pressure may be strongly influenced by small concentration gradients in multi-component systems already. Therefore, experimental control should take this into account. It is a common practice to use reactors with glass or sapphire windows. The transition of an inhomogeneous multiphase system to a homogeneous one can be observed visually as cloud point (Sect. 2.2, with the pressure and temperature values being monitored. 

A different system has been introduced by Index Instruments [2]. This modular analysis system (MAS) provides the analysis of up to four different parameters refractive index, density, colour and optical rotation. A wide range of viscosities can be handled. The analysis, wash and drying times can be selected by computer control so that crosscontamination can be reduced to undetectable levels. Samples are only in contact with inert materials such as glass, synthetic sapphire, PTFE and 316 stainless steel. 

Mackin, T.J., Yang, J. and Warren. P.D. (1992b). Influence of fiber roughness on the sliding behavior of sapphire fibers in TiAl and glass matrices. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75, 3358-3362. 

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