Saponins Scale

A fluctuation in saponin content was seen in the AFB (Fig. 5B). The final production of ginseng saponin in the AFB reached about 2.1 g 1, and its productivity was 106 mg 1 1 d. Both the production titer and volumetric productivity were much higher than those previously reported on a flask scale [45]. In the AFB, the dynamic change in polysaccharide content ranged from 7.3 mg (100 mg DW) 1 to 10.2 mg (100 mg DW)-1 (Fig. 5C). Generally, it increased with an increase in cell mass from day 5. Because of the high cell density, the total production of polysaccharide in the bioreactor was up to 3.03 g l-1 on day 17, and its productivity reached 158 mg l"1 d"1. 

The high loading capability of large-volume CCC systems is commonly used in industry. Large amounts (gram to kilogram scale) of natural products with high added values are separated by CCC. Alkaloids, antibiotics, enzymes, macrolides, peptides, rare fatty acids, saponins, tannins, taxoids and/or precursors of Taxol , and other fine chemicals have been isolated, separated, and/or purified by preparative CCC [1]. 

Nakanishi s method is based on the splitting of CD waves when two chromopho-res on a chiral molecule are close in space (the dibenzoate rule). Such is the case with dibromobenzoates of sugars which have a 1,2 or 1,3 relationship. In the first version of the method, saponins were permethylated, methanolyzed with acid and the liberated OH positions were p-bromobenzoylated (44). As terminal sugars are fully methylated and UV transparent, they need not be considered. Branched sugars (two substitutions at least) 3deld di-or tri-benzoates with exciton-split CD curves. The difference in Ae values of the two extrema of split CD curves is directly related to the respective positions of the benzoates (1, 2 eq-eq = 1, 2 eq-ax = 62 1, 2 ax-ax = 6 1, 3 eq-eq = 0 1, 3 eq-ax = 16). The sensitivity of circular dichroism makes the method suitable for microassays. Typical analyses are performed on a 100 pg scale (nanomolar levels). 

On the aforementioned evidence, Rb, Rb2, Rc and Rd can be formulated as 20-o-glycosides of 3-o-P-sophorosyl-20(5)-protopanaxadiol. The isolation of Ginseng saponins on a preparative scale was accomplished... 

For highly selective analysis of Ginseng saponins on an ultramicro scale, Sankawa et al. developed a radioimmunoassay for Rg using a Rg -serum albumin conjugate (75). 

Furuya et al. 78) who investigated Ginseng tissue culture under various conditions in ajar fermenter succeeded in large scale production of callus which contains 5 — 10 times as much Ginseng saponins as commerical Ginseng roots. 

Caspeta L, Nieto I, Zamilpa A, Alvarez L, Quintero R, Villarreal ML (2005) Solanum chrysotrichum hairy root cultures characterization, scale-up and production of five antifungal saponins for human use. Planta Med 71 1084—1087... 

So far this process has not been adopted on the practical scale, its chief drawback being the length of time required for saponification. Undoubtedly the hydrolysis would be greatly facilitated if the oil and acid could be made to form a satisfactory emulsion, but although saponin has been tried for the purpose, no means of attaining this object has yet been devised. 

On the effect of saponin the Increase of the ergosterol content (mg ergosterol/g dry cell) Is characteristic, but independent of sensitivity (Table 1.). On the effect of amphotericin B and candicldin ergosterol content is increased too a slight assosiation can be found with the scale of sensitivity. 

Ion-permeability Increased both In the case of sensitive and non-sensitive cells on the effect of both saponin and polyene antibiotics. The scale of increase does not agree with the scale of sensitivity. This means, that the membrane construction of the cells without active metabolism is not able to compensate the Increased Ion-permeability, not even In the case of the resistant strains. 

On the effect of saponin and polyenes the relative amount of linoleic acid increased in the case of resistant strains, but decreased in the case of the sensitives the scale of decrease corresponds with the scale of sensitivity. With the sensitivity increased paraleily the relative amount of palmitic acid too. 

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