Saponins physical

Starch in plants is accompanied by water, metal ions, lipids, proteins, sterols (such as saponins), and alkaloids (as in such exotic plants as Diascoracea).649 Several of these components can be washed out by the isolation of starch, some of them are extractable with organic solvents, and some are volatized by steam treatment. With the exception of metal ions (preceding article, p. 263), the foregoing components form physical mixtures with starch and do not chemically bond with either amylose or amylopectin. Therefore, one may assume that amylose and amylopectin form inclusion complexes with organic components that are similar to those mentioned in the preceding article. 

New steroidal saponins isolated during the period 1998-mid-2006 along with their natural distribution, available physical data and spectral data are listed in Table 1. Structures 1-173 are sapogenins of the various saponins presented in Table 1. 

Ginseng saponins have been reported to exhibit biomodulatory effects on the high centers of the CNS, facilitating both physical and mental... 

ADJUVANTICnr, TOXICITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF QUILLAJA SAPONINS... 

About fifty saponins have so far been isolated from Glycyrrhiza species. Their structures are shown in Table 2, and their physical properties and plant sources are described in Table 12. 

Table 12. Physical Data and Plant Sources of Saponins... 

Camellias are widely known as ornamental plants, but are also used for oil production in China. He and Gu (1982) report that there are over 65 species in this genus among these, 18 species produce seeds that can be used for oil production. Camellia olifera is the most important one. Camellia seed oil is used in the southern Chinese provinces of Jiangki, Hunnah and Zhejiang. The oil is comparable to olive oil (Table 7.8). The presscakes contain saponins which are toxic to cattle and their removal is necessary to make the presscakes suitable for cattle feed. Whole fruit is composed of fruit pulp, seed hull and seed kernel comprising 64%, 14% and 22%, respectively. The oil content of the kernels is 40-50%. Franzke et al. (1971) reported some physical constants for camellia seed oil (Table 7.2). Data on the fatty acid composition reported by He and Gu (1982) agrees with that reported by Tezuka et al. (1961). 

These methods of detection do not exploit chemical or physical properties but the biological-physiological activity of substances. They are mostly employed for the detection and determination of antibiotics, alkaloids, insecticides, fungicides, mycotoxins, cytotoxines, vitamins, hot or bitter substances, and saponines. 

Considerable use of a number of its chemical and physical properties has been made in the isolation and quantitative determination of cholesterol. Cholesterol forms a very stable and quite insoluble molecular compound with the saponin, digitonin. The majority of sterols with hydroxyl groups at Cs in the 3 orientation likewise form more or less sparingly soluble digitonides. When treated with strong mineral acid, cholesterol forms a variety of colored complexes useful for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the compound. The most widely recognized of these is the Liebermann-Burchard reaction, in which the sterol Windaus, A., Ber. deut. diem. Oee. 42, 238 (1909). 

Lists of useful matrices for FAB are available and their physical and chemical properties have been compiled. In the authors laboratory where FAB is still routinely applied to the analysis of plant secondary metabolites such as saponins, flavonoid glycosides, fatty acid derivatives and small synthetic peptides Mj.< 3000), two matrices are mainly used glycerol, in the analysis of polar hydrophilic compounds and m-nitrobenzylalcohol (m-NBA) for lipophilic compounds. When glycerol is selected the sample is first dissolved in a cosolvent, methanol or a methanol-water mixture, while in the case of m-NBA dichloromethane is employed as cosolvent to facilitate addition of the sample to the matrix. It is a misconception that FAB can only be applied to the analysis of polar analytes lipophilic compounds such as fatty acids and their derivatives are well amenable to FAB analysis if a lipophilic matrix is selected. Other matrices that have often been employed in peptide analysis include thioglycerol and a eutectic mixture of dithiothreitol and dithioerythritol (3 1, w/w), known as magic bullet . For negative ion FAB the basic matrices di- and triethanolamine have also been used. 

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