Sample introduction systems hydride generation technique

An automatic system using the hydride generation technique requires attention to (a) chemistry (b) automatic sample preparation and (c) introduction of the hydride into the... 

The introduction of a gas phase sample into an atomizer has significant advantages over the introduction of solids or solutions. The transport efficiency may be close to 100%, compared to the 5-15% efficiency of a solution nebulizer. In addition, the gas phase sample is homogeneous, unlike many solids. There are two commercial analysis systems with unique atomizers that introduce gas phase sample into the atomizer. They are the cold vapor technique for mercury and the hydride generation technique. Both are used extensively in environmental and clinical chemistry laboratories. 

There are sample introduction systems that can handle slurries of particles suspended in hquids. Powders can be injected directly into the plasma for analysis. Lasers, sparks, and graphite furnaces (exactly the same as AAS graphite furnaces) are used to generate gaseous samples from sohds for introduction into the plasma. Hydride generation for As and Se and cold-vapor Hg introduction are used for ICP as for AAS these two techniques were discussed in Chapter 6. 

The power of this MS technique has driven the development of methods to interface ICP/MS instruments with various sample introduction systems. Specialized sample introduction systems include ion chromatography (Seubert, 2001), gas chromatography (Vonderheide et al., 2002), and capillary electrophoresis (Costa-Fernandez et al., 2000). Other techniques are hydride generation (used to volatilize selected species and obtain some matrix/elemental separation) (Reyes et al., 2003) (Bings et al., 2002) laser ablation (Gonzalez et al., 2002 Heinrich et al., 2003 Russo et al., 2002), and electrothermal vaporization (Richardson, 2001 Vanhaecke and Moens, 1999). 

Various efficient devices have been utilized for sample introduction into an inductive plasma source, for example the application of several nebulizers, hyphenated techniques, hydride generation, laser ablation and electrothermal vaporization. The role of the solution introduction system in an inductively coupled plasma source is to convert the liquid sample into a suitable form (e.g.,... 

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