Salt replacers

Girard s reagent P , C5H5NCH2C0NHNH2 C1. In a 1-htre threenecked flask, equipped as in the previous preparation, place 200 ml. of absolute ethyl alcohol, 63 g. (64 -5 ml.) of pure anhydrous pyridine and 98 - 5 g. (84 5 ml.) of ethyl chloroacetate. Heat the mixture under reflux for 2-3 hours until the formation of the quaternary salt is complete acidify a small test-portion with dilute sulphuric acid it should dissolve completely and no odour of ethyl chloroacetate should be apparent. Cool the mixture in ice and salt. Replace the thermometer by a dropping funnel, and add a solution of 40 g. of 100 per cent, hydrazine hydrate in 60 ml. of absolute ethanol all at once. A vigorous exothermic reaction soon develops and is accompanied by vigorous effervescence. The pro duct separates almost immediately. When cold, filter with suction, wash... 

R. E. Himes and E. F. Vinson. Environmentally safe salt replacement for fracturing fluids. In Proceedings Volume, pages 237-248. SPE East Reg Conf (Lexington, KY, 10/23-10/25), 1991. 

A basic buffer consists of a solution of a weak base and one of its salts, such as a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride. The weak base, ammonia, removes any added hydrogen ions. The conjugate acid, the ammonium ions from the ammonium chloride salt, replaces any hydrogen ions removed when the alkali was added. 

The topic covered in the 10 papers of the first section is commonly referred to as salt effect in vapor-liquid equilibrium and is potentially of great industrial importance. This salt effect leads to extractive distillation processes in which a dissolved salt replaces a liquid additive as the separating agent the replacement often results in a greatly improved separating ability and reduced energy requirements. Two papers in this volume, those by Sloan and by Vaillancourt, illustrate the use of such processing to concentrate nitric acid from its aqueous azeotrope. Nevertheless, the effect has not been exploited by industry to nearly the extent that would seem to be merited by its scientific promise. 

The one important theoretical advance is the notion of the three Paracelsan principles constituting substances, mercury, sulphur, and salt, replacing in interest, to a great extent, the Platonic-Aristotelian concept of the four elements, and the more mystical Greek-Arabian concept of sulphur and mercury as the constituents of metals. Unquestionably, the appeal of the tria prima to the chemists of the period lay in its more comprehensible relation to experimental observation. Mercury, as the embodiment of whatever was merely volatile in the heat, sulphur of what burned away, and salt as the constituent which was fixed and nonvolatile and noncombustible, was a concept the... 

Interestingly, complexes of the type (189) were prepared by the interaction of o-aminophenols and arylazomalondialdehydes in the presence of copper(II) or nickel(II) salts. Replacement of the o-aminophenol by an acyl hydrazide resulted in the formation of complexes of the type (190), which are reported134 to be suitable for dyeing synthetic fibres. 

The ice-brine slurry is pumped to the bottom of the separation column, where ice and brine are initially separated by filtering through a screen. The ice crystals are still surrounded by concentrated brine, which is removed by washing. Water containing relatively few dissolved salts replaces this brine around the ice as the ice flows upward through the column. 

Reduction of the Diazonium Group to Hydrogen Deamination of Anilines Hypophos-phorus acid (H3P02) reacts with arenediazonium salts, replacing the diazonium group with a hydrogen. In effect, this is a reduction of the arenediazonium ion. 

Kissel, D. E. and G. W. Thomas. 1969. Conductimetric titrations with CaOH2 to estimate the neutral salt replacability and total soil acidity. Soil Sci. 108 177-179. 

Jimenez-Colmenero, F., Ayo, M.J., and Carballo, J. (2005). Physicochemical properties of low sodium iraiikfurler with added walnut effect of transglutaminase combined with caseinate, KCl and dietary fibre as salt replacers. Meat Science, 69,781-788. 

Reactions involving diazo groups are also affected by heavy metals such as cuprous ion. For example, in the well known Sandemeyer reaction, cuprous ion can catalyze the decomposition of aryl diazonium salts. Although the exact mechanism is unknown and may involve free radical processes, the anion of the cuprous salt replaces the nitrogen of the diazonium salt. 

Diazonium salts. Replacement by halogen. Sandmeyer reaction... 

Diazoniam salts. Replacement by —CN. Syntheses of carboxylic adds... 

Substitution of sodium with other cations, particularly potassium and calcium. Today, a large range of salt replacers are offered on the market place. While these may compensate for some of the loss of saltiness from Na reduction, they often do not fully match the taste of sodium and may introduce some (unpleasant) side tastes. 

Amdye PH-12. [Am. Emulsions] Inorganic salts replacement for tiisodium phosphate in liq. form for textile applies. 

Nitration of p-cymene by fuming nitric add leads to 2,4-dinitrotoluene.1184 Heating 1,6-dihydro-l-methyl-6-oxonicotinic acid with nitric acid (d 1.52) under reflux gives 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-2(li/)-pyridone in good yield.1185 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrosophenol is formed quantitatively from 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and sodium nitrite in aqueous alcohol.166,1183 Nitrous acid replaces hydroxymethyl groups in phenols by nitro groups,1186 and diazonium salts replace them by diazo groups.1187... 

In sodium nitrite and acid salt replacement method [29, 30], ammonium chlo-roacetate as a raw material reacts with sodium nitrite mainly through the following reactions. 

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