Salt iodization present

Despite these reservations, we may conclude that the maximal exposure to 34pg/kg/day of iodate through the use of iodized salt should present no risk for functional or structural lesions. This dose is lower than the peroral NOEL for reproductive toxicology of iodine itself (2-3 mg/kg/day) by a factor of 100, the usual safety factor for establishing acceptable daily intakes (ADI) (Beckmann and Brent, 1984). Ocular toxicity, in particular, is most unlikely to occur since repeated oral exposures to 100 mg/ kg in dogs have failed to induce retinal damage (Webster et ai, 1966). Contrary to Pahuja et, however, we... 

Of the 401 municipalities studied, 4 had a moderate prevalence of iodine deficiency, and in 116 the existence of mild iodine deficiency was observed. Since these areas presented mild and moderate levels of deficiency, it became apparent that the endemic disease control policy should focus on addressing the more subtle manifestations of iodine deficiency. The study showed that, despite the salt iodization program, some iodine-deficiency endemic areas still existed in Brazil (Esteves, 1997). 

It should be noted that the voluntary program of bread fortification in Tasmania was introduced as an interim measure only. As a result of the re-emergence of iodine deficiency in Austrafia (Gunton et al., 1999 Li et al., 2001, McDonnell et al., 2003, Hynes et al., 2004) and in New Zealand (Thomson et al., 2001, Skeaff et al., 2002, 2003) mandatory fortification of bread with iodized salt is presently being considered by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) (2007). 

Iodine. Of the 10—20 mg of iodine in the adult body, 70—80 wt % is in the thyroid gland (see Thyroid and antithyroid preparations). The essentiahty of iodine, present in all tissues, depends solely on utilisation by the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine [51-48-9] and related compounds. Well-known consequences of faulty thyroid function are hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter. Dietary iodine is obtained from eating seafoods and kelp and from using iodized salt. 

When iodine dissolves in organic solvents, it produces solutions having a variety of colors. These colors arise from the different interactions between the I2 molecules and the solvent (Fig. 15.21). The element is only slightly soluble in water, unless I ions are present, in which case the soluble, brown triiodide ion, I,, is formed. Iodine itself has few direct uses but dissolved in alcohol, it is familiar as a mild oxidizing antiseptic. Because it is an essential trace element for living systems but scarce in inland areas, iodides are added to table salt (sold as iodized salt ) in order to prevent an iodine deficiency. 

Iodine must be present in the normal diet to prevent iodine-deficiency goiter or cretinism, and iodine deficiency-related disorders are still a worldwide (although preventable) group of diseases that affect about 150 million people in at least 40 countries. The WHO sponsored a program to control these disorders by the year 2000 (1,2), and since 1990 there has been a remarkable progress in prevention of iodine deficiency disorders. However, by the year 2000 one-third of the population affected by iodine deficiency disorders still did not have access to iodized salt (3). 

The observation of toxicity of iodine mainly focused on the iodide or iodate, which is normally present in iodized salt, milk, water and leachate of foodstuffs. However, the toxicity of some other species of iodine may be much higher than that of iodide and iodate. For the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, iodized oil was used as an injection or administered orally in many countries iodized oil is normally produced by binding iodine atoms to the polyunsaturated fatty acid in the oil (Zimmermann et al, 2000). After administration, it was supposed that iodine is released gradually as iodide to maintain a constant supply of iodine to the body. Experience in the past decades shows that the utilization of iodized oil is safe. However, acute poisoning of iodized oil to children who are orally administered was reported in China in 1998 this may be related to the species of iodine, which may be more toxic than iodide or iodate. Iodine has been used as an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection (Backer and Hollowell, 2000), in which the active disinfectant species are elemental iodine and hypo-iodous acid. Doses of iodine below 1 mg/1 kill bacteria within minutes. Elemental iodine and hypoiodous acid remain in the disinfected water, which may be toxic to humans. 

In addition, the supply of iodized salt in the Phifippines was short because of a low production rate of iodized salt despite adequate capacity, which in turn was attributable to a low public demand for iodized salt, in a situation where abundant noniodized, cheaper salt was available. This example illustrates a number of factors that may play a role in the discrepancy sometimes seen between iodine knowledge level and behavior. More factors may be present in other countries, but the message for program managers is to be watchful for these factors that may weaken the iodine program, even when knowledge of iodine nutrition is satisfactory. 

A national survey with a representative population sample showed a prevalence of goiter of 8% iodized salt was shown to be present in 88% of the households. Ntambwe, (2005)... 

Periodically, from 1966 to 1988, the urinary excretion of iodine was evaluated both in the treated and in the untreated communities. Since 1969, Ecuadorean law has required that salt for human consumption be iodized. However until 1978 the urinary excretion of iodine in the untreated community remained below 50 ug per gram of creatinine. Until 1981 more than half of this population presented iodine deficiency. Only in the last four years have most been using salt with sufficient levels of iodiza-tion. 

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