Safety considerations protective factors

Examination of the nonhuman primate requires sedation (Kuhlman et al., 1992). The highly mobile primate eye and their anxious nature when handled mandate a chemically restrained animal for an adequate examination. Human safety considerations also are a factor. Ketamine hydrochloride works well due to its safety and controllable duration. The time to onset of mydriasis following tropicamide administration must be balanced against the time to the animal s recovery from ketamine s sedative effect. A refinement is the addition of a water-based lubricant eye drop at the time of tropicamide administration. This helps protect the cornea from desiccation while the monkey is sedated and may also aid in achieving prompt and satisfactory dilation by increasing tropicamide residence time in the precorneal tear film. Working with a seasoned technical staff appropriately trained for ketamine injection, the examiner can evaluate many primates in a reasonable time. 

The focus of this element is on the enhancement of product safety and the minimization of product liability through the use of standards, initial tests and evaluations, human factors considerations, and subsequent analyses of problems. For ESH/PSM, safety might be viewed more broadly as safety, health, and environmental protection. 

There are no electrolyzers developed specifically for operation with wind turbines. However, the rapid response of electrochemical systems to power variations makes them suitable "loads" for wind turbines. Industrial electrolyzers are designed for continuous operation, mainly because their elevated investment cost requires high-capacity factors for reasonable payback times, but they are subject to a considerable number of current interruptions through their lifetime due to occasional power interruptions, accidental trips of safety systems, and planned stops for maintenance. Current interruptions are more frequent in specialty applications, where electrolyzers supply hydrogen "on demand." Therefore, the discontinuous use of the equipment is not new, and most commercial electrolyzers may be used in intermittent operation although a significant performance decrease is expected with time. In fact, it is not power variation, but current interruptions that may cause severe corrosion problems to the electrodes, if the latter are not protected by the application of a polarization current when idle. 

As the extent of data and complexity of the analysis along this continuum increases, approaches are often presented probabilistically, including sensitivity analysis. For example, consideration is given to the probabilistic presentation of default uncertainty factors as a basis for development of reference or tolerable concentrations and/or doses or margins of safety or exposure, based on the fraction of the population to be protected. 

There are other engineering factors that affect the fire and explosion hazard, e.g., engineering standards of the structural steel and foundations, process equipment, heat exchangers, feeding system, fan and blowers, storage vessels, electrical equipment, instruments, and fire protection and safety equipment. Considerable assistance in design also can be obtained from relevant codes of practice. The responsibility for safe operation rests with the manufacturers of equipment and products as required by national law (e.g.. Factories Act and Health and Safety at Work Act in the United Kingdom). 

Design Basis is the design inputs, the design constraints, and the design analysis and calculations, It includes topical areas such as seismic qualification, fire protections, and safe shutdown, It encompasses consideration of such factors as plant availability, plant efficiency, costs, and maintainability, and that subset that relates to safety and the authorization basis. 

Control System (BPCS), including functions of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, the alarm system (AS) and Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) performing defined Safety Instrumented Frmetions (SIF). Proper design of layers of protection is based on hazards analysis and risk assessment with consideration of human and organizational factors. It is essential to ensure required safety integrity level (SIL) for each of these layers. 

A type of analysis aimed at eliminating from further consideration factors that are less significant for protection or safety in order to concentrate on the more significant factors. This is typically achieved by consideration of very pessimistic hypothetical scenarios. Screening is usually conducted at an early stage in order to narrow the range of factors needing detailed consideration in an analysis or assessment. 

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