Saccharopolyspora spinosa Spinosyns

Spinosad (Fig. 9) is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, originally isolated from the soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad is recommended for the control of a very wide range of caterpillars, leaf miners, thrips and foliage-feeding beetles. Spinosad is sold as an aqueous based suspension concentrate formulation under several trade names. 

Spinosad is an insecticide that contains a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D as active ingredients. It is derived from the soil actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa under aerobic fermentation conditions. Spinosad is very effective in controlling lepidopterous insects. Its oral LD50 in rats is >5000 mg/kg. 

Spinosyns were discovered from the fermentation broth of Saccharopolyspora spinosa by screening for mortality of blowfly larvae, and a mixture of spinosyns A (116) and D (117) was approved and used successfully as a crop protection and an antiparasitic animal health agent. (151) Nodulisporic acids are an indole diterpenoid class discovered from various species of Nodulisporium as orally active antiflea and antitick agents for dogs and cats (152, 153). The most active of the series is... 

An exciting new development is the discovery of a new family of bioinsecticides, the spinosyns. These are sold today as Spinosad. They are non-toxic, environmentally friendly tetracyclic macrolides produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa with activity against insects of the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonoptera and Thysanoptera but without antibacterial activity. ... 

Plant derived pesticides Azadirachtin A and B (obtained from Azadirachta indica), Bacillus thuringiensis, Denis (rotenone), Neem oil (obtained from Azadirachta indica), nicotine, pyrethrum, Spinosad (a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) derived from soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. 

Spinosyns (Lepicidins). Insecticidal tetracyclic mac-rolide antibiotics complex, produced in cultures of the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. S. bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. 

As the source for the family of novel tetracyclic macrolide polyketides, the spinosyns [21, 22] were found to be secondary metabolites of the soil bacterium actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa [23, 24]. The spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster has been cloned from S. spinosa and sequenced, and the results have been used to formulate a proposed biosynthetic pathway [25] (Chapter 29.3). 

Spinosyns (Fig. 29.3.1) are a class of fermentation-derived macrocyclic lactone bioinsecticides, produced by the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa [1]. They... 

Erythromycin A 64 and spinosyns A and D 65a/65b are important macrolides produced by Saccharopolyspora erythraea and Sacch. spinosa, respectively. Compound 65a contains per-O-methylated L-rhamnose and D-forosamine attached O-glycosidically to the aglycone. Gene knockouts in respective strains as well as expression of various sugar cassettes (along with appropriate GT gene(s)) in Sacch. erythraea mutants led to production of many derivatives of 64 and 65a and tylosin [111-114],... 

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