S-Trinitrotoluene

TRINITROTOLUEEN (DUTCH) see TMN490 TRINITROTOLUENE see TMN490 s-TRINITROTOLUENE see TMN490... 

It is of interest that the visible spectrum of the Meisenheimer compound does not resemble the visible spectrum of either the product of reaction of s-trinitrobenzene with an alkoxide ion or the product resulting from the interaction of s-trinitrotoluene with an alkoxide ion. Moreover, these last two spectra do not resemble one another. The s-trinitrotoluene-alkoxide product has a spectrum similar to picrate ion. It shows a maximum at 370 m/t whereas picrate ion shows one... 

This reaction between s-trinitrotoluene and ethoxide ion, elegantly studied by Caldin and Long (47), is a reversible one to form a purple solution. By spectroscopic techniques it is possible to measure the forward rate, the reverse rate and the equilibrium constant. Although the form of the kinetic equations does not permit a differentiatimi between a proton transfer process and an addition process, the authors favor the former explanation, attributing the purple color to formation of the anion XII, and citing as evidence the deuterium exchange experiment and the fact that trinitrotoluene, in the presence of ethoxide ion or pyridine, acts as a nucleophile toward benzaldehyde. The purple solution is decolorized by a series of weak acids at rates which are related to the dissociation constants of the acids and measurable at temperatures from — 80° to -f-20°. 

At higher initial concentrations of s-trinitrotoluene and ethoxide ion it is possible to detect a reaction which is approximately 50 times faster than the proton transfer reaction, with which it probably occurs concurrently (48). The product of this reaction, almost certainly a charge-transfer complex (49), is brown in color. 

These studies by Caldin et al. thus explain, in a completely satisfactory manner, Foster s originally puzzling observation that the interactions of alkoxides with s-trinitrotoluene, s-trinitroanisole, and s-trinitrobenzene result in products having strikingly different visible absorption spectra. In the first case, XII is formed by abstraction of a proton from the methyl group in the second, the process is one of addition to give III in the third, a charge-transfer complex is formed. These are three distinctly different structural types, and it is to be expected that their visible spectra will differ. 

Fast concentration and sample injection are considered with the use of a theory of vibrational relaxation. A possibility to reduce a detection limit for trinitrotoluene to 10 g/cnf in less than 1 min is shown. Such a detection limit can by obtained using selective ionization combined with ion drift spectrometry. The time of detection in this case is 1- 3 s. A detection technique based on fluorescent reinforcing polymers, when the target molecules strongly quench fluorescence, holds much promise for developing fast detectors. 

H. Kramer, S. Semel J.E. Abel, Trace Elemental Survey Analysis of Trinitrotoluene , PATR 4767 (1975) (An evaluation of the applicability of spark source mass spectrometry and thermal neutron activation for the detn of origin-related trace elemental impurities in TNT) 10) C. Ribando J. Haber-man, Origin-Identification of Explosives Via Their Composite Impurity Profiles I. The... 

Trinitrotoluene DNT Tetryl Primer materials < s Nitrocellulose j Nitroglycerin 1 j NC-based propellants j Ball Powder j 0> > o PL. -o ra 55 Acid manufacture J Filling of warheads Mfg of extruded rocket grains j Mfg of cast rocket grains... 

Lewis TA, S Goszczynski, RL Crawford, RA Korns, W Adamassn (1996) Prodncts of anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) transformation by Clostridium bifermentans. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 4669-4674. 

Watrous MM, S Clark, R Kutty, S Huang, FB Rudolph, JB Hughes, GN Bennett (2003) 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reduction by an Fe-only hydrogenase in Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol 182 5683-5691. 

The kinetic energy set free in collisions with planetesimals was proportional to the square of the velocity of the body which hit the Earth. Thus, if a planetesimal hit the Earth s surface with a velocity of 11 km/s, the amount of energy set free would correspond to the explosion of the corresponding amount of the explosive TNT (trinitrotoluene). The increased compression due to the increase in mass led to pressure increases in the interior of the planet and thus to temperature increases up to around 1,270 K (Press and Siever, 1994). 

An important demonstrated application of this artificial nose system is the high-speed detection of low levels of explosives and explosive-like vapors. Several sensors, based on Nile Red attached to silica microspheres, show high sensitivity to nitroaromatic compounds (NAC) within a mixture12. Different fluorescence response profiles were observed for several NAC s, such as 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), despite their similar structures. These responses were monitored at low concentrations of the NAC vapors (ca. 5 ppb) and at short vapor exposure... 

K. Matsumoto, A. Torimaru, S. Ishitobi, T. Sakai, H. Ishikawa, K. Toko, N. Miura, and T. Imato, Preparation and characterization of a polyclonal antibody from rabbit for detection of trinitrotoluene by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Talanta 68, 305-311 (2005). 

Johnson, M.S. et al., Effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a holistic environmental exposure regime on a terrestrial salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Toxicol. Pathol., 28, 334, 2000. 

Nepovim, A., Hubalek, M., Podlipna, R., Zeman, S., and Vanek T., 2004, In vitro degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by plant tissue culture of Solanum aviculare and Rheumpalmatum,. Eng. Life Sci. 24 46-49. 

Vila, M., Pascal-Lorber, S., Rathahao, E., Debrauwer, L., Canlet, C., and Laurent, F. 2005, Metabolism of [C-14]-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in tobacco cell suspension cultures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 663-672. 

Wang, C. J., Thiele, S., and Bollag, J. M., 2002, Interaction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene with humic monomers in the presence of oxidative enzymes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42 1-8. 

Seliwanoff s test analy chem A color test helpful in the identification of ketoses, which develop a red color with resorcinol in hydrochloric acid. s3 liv3,nofs, test sellite liNORG chem A solution of sodium sulfite (Na2S03) used in the purification of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to remove unsymmetrical isomers. se,lTt ... 

Trinitrophenyl-fV-methylnitramine, see Tetryl Trinitrotoluene, see 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene s/m-Trinitrotoluene, see 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluol, see 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene a-Trinitrotoluol, see 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene... 

Hawari, J., Halasz, A., Paquet, L., Zhou, E., Spencer, B., Ampleman, G., and Thibontot, S. Characterization of metabolites in the biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with anaerobic slndge role of trinitrotolnene, Appl Environ. Microbiol,... 

J.P. Davies, L.G. Blackwood, S.G. Davis, L.D. Goodrich and R.A. Larson, Design and calibration of pulsed vapor generators for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, cydo-l,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Analytical Chemistry 65(21) (1993) 3004-3009. 

These are common abbreviations for the following TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene AN ammonium nitrate PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrate HMX octahydro-l,3,5,7,-tetranitro-l,3,4,5-tetrazocine RDX hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine HMTD hexamethylene triperoxide diamine TATP triacetone triperoxide. 

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