Equivalent fluid

A pump may now be selected using water as the equivalent fluid with capacity of 126.3 GPM and head of 89.6 feet. The selecdon should be made at or very near to the point (or region) of peak performance as shown on the manufacturer s curves. 

Figure 8.1. Temperature profiles in one-dimensional conduction of heat, (a) Constant cross section, (b) Hollow cylinder, (c) Composite flat wall, (d) Composite hollow cylindrical wall, (e) From fluid A to fluid F through a wall and fouling resistance in the presence of eddies, (f) Through equivalent fluid films, fouling resistances, and metal wall.

The collagen fibrils occupy considerable space and thereby increase the path of diffusion. The net effect of impeding diffusion is to increase by several times the equivalent fluid layer thickness of the actual stroma. Nevertheless, the stroma is transparent to molecular species below approximately 500,000 Da. The stroma serves as the major ocular depot for topically applied hydrophilic drugs, and the keratocytes presumably provide a reservoir for lipophilic compounds as well. 

Kg/p = Vp — (4/3)V. This new parameter (sometimes thought of as the P-wave velocity of an equivalent fluid, for which G = 0) can be determined directly from static compression data V = Kg/p = (1 + Tay)(bP/bp)p. The bulk sound velocity possesses another desirable feature, in that it can also be constrained indirectly through chemical equilibrium experiments. Chemical equilibria describe free energy minima the pressure dependence of free energy is described by the molar volume, and the pressure dependence of volume (or density) is described by Kp and hence V. Thus, experimental determinations of equilibrium phase boundaries can... 

Ax represents the swelling of the EB at the interface with the site, o o" and a" denote respectively the net stress, the equivalent fluid stress and the total stress at the contact EB-canister. A negative stress is compressive. 

The oil is assumed to be Isovlscous and Incompressible. The two phase fluid in the cavity Is replaced by single phase equivalent fluid, and the Reynolds equation for the equivalent fluid is... 

Even when dispersed at a low concentration, particles are very nnmerous and close to one another. Consider a set of particles dispersed in a homogeneous suspension in a given volume. For spherical particles of density p and diameter D with a mass concentration C, let us calculate the number N of particles per unit volume, the porosity e, the wet density of the equivalent fluid ph, and the average distance f between the centers of two particles closest together. The following mathematical relations are established ... 

The density of mixture fluid or equivalent fluid is calculated from the lever rule thus,... 

Flow Pattern of the Electrolyte in Public Pipeline As shown in Figure 9.26, the flow pattern of the electrolyte in the public pipeline can be classified into U profile and Z profile. Generally, the former type is more commonly adopted. The equivalent fluid mechanics schematic is given in Figure 9.27. The electrolytes flow into all cells individually along the public pipeline, and the uniformity of the electrolyte in each cell can significantly affect the stack performance, such as EE, life-cycle and so on. 

Equivalent fluid mechanics schematic of the two flow patterns. 

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