Rushes discussed

As the transmutation rush continued across 1913 and 1914, the Alchemical Society continued to engage with scientific research. The engineer Herbert Chatley, in his December 12, 1913, talk to the Society entitled Alchemy in China, discussed Ramsay s transmutations, presumably his radon-induced supposed transmutations from copper to lithium and his observed transmutations of radium to helium. Chatley opined that a more gradual change would produce gold as one of the descending steps (37). And the December... 

While our description of this experiment ends this chapter on the discussion of isotope history, a few more notes are appropriate. The discovery of deuterium led to a rush of new work on deuterium, so much so that Urey published a review article on deuterium in 1935, including both work by himself and by his collaborators but also work by other groups (Urey and Teal 1935). Reading or perusing of this article is highly recommended. 

Reentrainment from the bottom of the cyclone can be prevented in several ways. If a typical long-cone dry cyclone is used and liquid is kept continually drained, vortex entrainment is unlikely. However, a vortex breaker baffle in the outlet is desirable, and perhaps a flat disk on top extending to within 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2 in) of the walls may be beneficial. Often liquid cyclones are built without cones and have dished bottoms. The modifications described earlier are definitely needed in such situations. Stern, Caplan, and Rush (Cyclone Dust Collectors, American Petroleum Institute, New York, 1955) and Rietema and Verver (in Tengbergen, Cyclones in Industry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1961, chap. 7) have discussed liquid-collecting cyclones. 

There are other considerations. Of course, the disease targets have to be scientifically feasible. Merck has traditionally said it wants drugs that can be taken orally, just once a day—that is, convenient drugs. And never underestimate the indirect influence of celebrity endorsements. When actor Michael J. Fox talks about how he copes with Parkinson s disease, or Today show cohost Katie Couric discusses her colonoscopy, it prompts a flurry of public discussion, a rush to the doctor s office for tests, and political pressure on Congress and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to put... 

Figure 1.2 gives the comparative graphical interpretations of an elemen tary chemical reaction in commonly accepted energetic coordinates and in the thermodynamic coordinates under the discussion. Note that the traditional energetic coordinates are always related to the fixed (typically, unit) reactant concentrations and, therefore, identify the behavior of standard values of the plotted parameters. As for the thermodynamic coordinates, they illustrate the process that proceeds under real conditions and are not restricted by the standard values of chemical potentials or thermodynamic rushes of the reac tants. The thermodynamic (canonical) form of kinetic equations is conve nient for a combined kinetic thermodynamic analysis of reversible chemical processes, especially for those that proceed in the stationary mode. 

The thermodynamic form of kinetic equations is helpful for providing the kinetic thermodynamic analysis of the effect of various thermodynamic parameters on the stationary rate of complex stepwise processes. Following are a few examples of such analyses in application to the noncatalytic reac tions. The analysis of the occurrence of catalytic transformations is more specific because the concentrations and, therefore, the chemical potentials and thermodynamic rushes of the intermediates are usually related to one another in the total concentrations of the catalyticaUy active centers. (Catalytic reactions are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4.)... 

The discussed chemical transfomiations can be visualized in the coordi nates of current chemical potential values (see Figure 2.4a), where chemi cal potentials of components R, Pj, and P2 are the external parameters. While this is the case of the absence of common intermediates, an indirect influence of the second reaction on the first reaction is possible only when chemical potential iTp2 of compound P2 (its thermodynamic rush P2) is higher than the chemical potential of compound R (its thermodynamic rush R). When so, the consecutive reaction P2 — R Pi becomes pos sible, and this compound P2 can be involved as an additional substrate into the main reaction R — Pi. In the considered example, the phenomenon of conjugation of chemical processes is not observed. The conjuga tion takes place only in the presence of common intermediates for both channels of the transformations. 

Thus, the system, once it reaches the stationary state of the branch Y2, turns out to be unstable, and any minor fluctuation makes Y transfer to either branch Yi or branch Y3. Such behavior resembles an electronic switch (trigger), and, for this reason, the system under discussion is referred to as "trigger system. A thermodynamic rush of initial reactant R may be taken here, similar to Example 7, as the controlling parameter. 

Discussion Because this comes at the end of your thesis, and some parts can only be written after you have all the results in place, the temptation is to leave the discussion to last. This means that it can be rushed - not a good idea because of the weight attached by assessors to your analysis of data and thoughts about future experiments. It will help greatly if you keep notes of aims, conclusions and ideas for future work as you go along (Fig. 11.1). Another useful tip is to make notes of comparable data and conclusions from the literature as you read papers and reviews. 

The discussion of co-operative phenomena given here is based on the simple Bragg-Williams model. The modern theories of order-disorder changes have undergone rapid development recently. The situation in 1938 is admirably reviewed by Nix and Shockley 1 more recent summaries of both theoretical and experimental developments will be found in papers by Lipson and Wannier. See also Guggenheim,Rush-brooke, and footnote p. 305. 

Stimulant drugs produce pliysiological effects that are observable outside the brain. We discuss the effects of cocaine and amphetamines together because, tor all practical purposes, their measurable effects are identical. Although users often claim to notice subjective differences betwceti stimulants, under controlled laboratory conditions even experienced stimulant users cannot discriminate among the effects of cocaine, amphetamines, and mcthylphcnidate except tor the different durations of action (Fischman, 1984 Rush Baker, 2001). 

As previously discussed, placing a radial disk or Rush-ton turbine in the aqueous or lower phase, close to the interface, can be effective when making oil-in-water dispersions. A central interfacial vortex forms with the commencement of impeller motion. This directs a stream of the lighter oil phase to the impeller where it disperses. The volume of the oil layer decreases with continued dispersion until it is exhausted. Placing the turbine in the oil or upper phase, close to the interface, can result in water-in-oil dispersions, because a water-containing vortex forms, allowing water to be dispersed into the lighter oil phase. 

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