Rubber refinery

Vegetable waste L S P A Breweries Natural rubber Starch Sugar refineries Vegetable and fruit processing and preparation... 

During World War II, the Japanese cut ofFU.S. access to sources of natural rubber, giving the Americans a strategic imperative to develop and expand the manufacture of synthetic rubber. The C4 streams in refineries were a direct source of butadiene, the primary synthetic rubber feedstock. As a coincidence, the availability of this stream was growing rapidly with the expansion of catalytic cracking to meet wartime gasoline needs. Additional butadiene was manufactured by dehydrogenation of butane and butylene also. 

Plant 000005 produces approximately 3.2 X 10" kkg/year (7.0 x 10 Ib/year) of isobutene-isopropene rubber. Wastewater generally consists of direct processes and MEC water. Contact wastewater flow rate is approximately 1040m /day (2.75 x 10 gpd), and noncontact water flows at about 327 m /day (8.64 x 10" gpd). Treatment consists of coagulation, flocculation, and dissolved air flotation, and the treated effluent becomes part of the noncontact cooling stream of the onsite refinery. 

There are 13 solution crumb rubber plants in the United States. Twelve of these plants discharge treated wastewater to surface streams the other plant discharges its treated wastewater into a neighboring oil refinery s noncontact cooling water system. 

The major uses of isobutylene are estimated in Table 8.5. Much of isobutylene is a captive market used by refineries in alkylation or polymerization of gasoline. The remainder goes into the octane enhancer MTBE, polyisobutylene, and butyl rubber. Some is burned for fuel. 

Polymers account for about 3—4% of the total butylene consumption and about 30% of nonfuels use. Homopolymerization of butylene isomers is relatively unimportant commercially. Only stereoregular poly(l-butene) [9003-29-6] and a small volume of polyisobutylene [25038-49-7] are produced in this manner. High molecular weight polyisobutylenes have found limited use because they cannot be vulcanized. To overcome this deficiency a butyl mbber copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene has been developed. Low molecular weight viscous liquid polymers of isobutylene are not manufactured because of the high price of purified isobutylene. Copolymerization from relatively inexpensive refinery butane—butylene fractions containing all the butylene isomers yields a range of viscous polymers that satisfy most commercial needs (see OLEFIN POLYMERS ELASTOMERS, SYNTHETIC-BUTYL rubber). 

Uses Amyl alcohol is produced during the fermentation of grains, potatoes, and beets. It is produced during the acid hydrolysis of petroleum fraction. Application of amyl alcohol in industries is very large including manufacturing of lacquers, paints, varnishes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, explosives, hydraulic fluids, extraction of fats, and petroleum refinery industries. 

H2S from natural and refinery gas Silicon rubber, polyvinylldene fluoride... 

The first process of this type utilized gases as raw materials and produced carbon blacks for rubber with only moderate reinforcement properties at a maximum yield of 30%. The changeover to liquid and melting raw materials increased the yield of carbon black for rubber to 40 to 70% and enabled a much broader range of raw of products to be produced, so that this type of raw material is now almost exclusively used e.g. aromatic compound-rich viscous residues from oil refineries, coking plants, catalytic crackers and steam crackers for the production of ethene and from the catalytic synthesis of petrol. 

Moreover, California s just-in-time motor vehicle fuel supply system is disrupted regularly because of upsets and breakdowns that occur at the few refineries that still operate in the state. The result is a fuel supply system that is as taut as a stretched rubber band. 

Described here are some results which show the feasibility of processing wastes in molten salts into usable fuels. The molten salt acts as a reaction medium for the conversion of the waste into a low heating value gas (by reaction with air) and the simultaneous retention of potential acidic pollutants in the molten salt. The waste is converted to a fuel gas by reacting it with deficient air, that is, insufficient air for complete conversion to CO2 and H2O. Results are presented for a high-sulfur oil refinery waste, rubber, wood, leather scraps, and waste X-ray film. These waste streams represent a small segment of the large variety of wastes which may be processed using molten salts. 

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