Rubber balloon method

The rubber balloon method is used only by a few agencies and organisations. In this method, the volume of the hole created is measured by water, which is secluded by a rubber membrane, creating a balloon. 

The volume of the hole is calculated by volume difference, which appears in the volume counter tube. Once the volume has been determined, the dry compacted density is calculated the same way as in the previous method. 

This method is simpler than the sand-cone method. However, it is not suggested for very soft soil materials, which are deformed easily, and the walls of the hole are not stable. Additionally, this test method may not be suitable for soils containing crushed rock fragments or sharp edge materials that may puncture the rubber membrane. Regarding the restriction on maximum particle size contained in the soil material, the maximum shall not be more than 63 mm. 

This is a rapid non-destructive method for in situ measurements of wet density, water content and the determination of dry density of soil and soil aggregate mixtures. 

The rapid nondestructive determination of the compacted density (less than 5 min) allows the almost immediate detection of areas that compacted insufficiently. This is of great advantage since if measurements are taken during construction, corrections can be applied within hours. 

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The density of the undisturbed or compacted soil in situ is determined by the sand-cone method (ASTM D 1556 2007 or AASHTO T 191 2013), the rubber balloon method (ASTM D 2167 2008) or nuclear methods (ASTM D 5195 2008 or AASHTO T 310 2013). All three methods are outlined in Section 1.11. 

Compaction density obtained on site is measured in situ by one of the following methods the sand-cone method, the rubber balloon method, nuclear methods or the drive-cylinder method. The complex impedance method may also be used. 

ASTM D 2167. 2008. Test method for density and unit weight of soil in place by the rubber balloon method. West Conshohocken, PA ASTM International. 

The Cone Resistance in the upper part of the fill (down to approximate 0.5 m below finished level) is not representative for the assessment of the relative density. Often a low resistance is measured as a consequence of surface failure due to insufficient overburden pressure. One should therefore be cautious when specifying a certain Cone Resistance for the upper part of the fill. Alternatively, for density testing nearer to the surface, the sand replacement or the rubber balloon method could be used (see Appendix B). 

ASTM D2167-08 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method, 2008... 

Freiwald Ude (Ref 9) demonstrated by means of optical methods the spherical expansion of the detonation in mixtures of acetylene and air in various proportions, placed in rubber balloons of capacities 90 to 2500 liters and initiated in the center. After the detonation had taken place, the multiple flattening out of reflected spherical waves was observed... 

In-situ density of a granular deposit at or near the ground surface is generally determined by field tests. These include sand cone, rubber balloon, and nuclear methods. These tests are described in ASTM Standards D-1556, D-2167, and D-5195. Density of deep deposits may be estimated from the results of probe tests such as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), and the... 

M is the analyte and m may be equal to n or not (for example, As and As are both reduced to AsHs). Hydrides were collected in U-tubes in a nitrogen trap or in rubber balloons. Titanium(iii) chloride—hydrochloric acid and magnesium-zinc reductants were used to extend the hydride method to bismuth, antimony, and tellurium. For some elements, especially tin, lead, and tellurium, the hydride formation reaction is relatively slow and hence the collection vessel is necessary. In addition, arsenic(v) must be reduced to arsenic(iii) by tin(ii) chloride or potassium iodide before the actual hydride generation when a metal-acid reduction is employed. 

AASHTO T205 - Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil In-Place by the Rubber-Balloon... 

About 70 % of the world is covered by oceans. Because of the difficulty of accessing the ocean floor, most of the seafloor and the crust below was unexplored for a long time. In the early 1930s, the seismic refraction method was developed and geoscientists tried to develop techniques to use this method offshore. They experimented with cabled sources and geophones but also with free-fall instruments. The first layout of a standalone ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) was published in 1938 (Ewing and Vine 1938) and tested in the years 1939-1940. This OBS used a gasoline-filled rubber balloon for buoyancy, which floats approx. 3 m above the seafloor. 

The simplest method for producing a spherical combustion in gases is to place a combustible (but not explosive) gaseous mixture in a thin latex, rubber or plastic balloon and ignite it in the center by means of an electric spark... 

In an adaptation of the method of Brown and Brown as a student experiment" an Erlenmeyer flask with a side arm carrying a wired-on rubber bulb (for a medicine dropper) is charged with water, platinic chloride solution, and Norit, stabilized borohydride solution is added, followed by a solution of substrate (enrfo-norbomene-ci.t-5,6-dicarboxylic acid) and coned, hydrochloric acid. The flask is capped with a large serum stopper, which is wired on. Borohydride solution is injected through the rubber port with a syringe until the rubber bulb inflates to a sizable balloon. The syringe is withdrawn, and the flask swirled until deflation of the balloon indicates that further borohydride is required The course of the reaction is easily followed, and a balloon pressure of about 10 p.s.i. promotes rapid reaction. 

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