Rubbed substrates

Alternative methods, including friction transfer [71] and directional epitaxial crystallization [76], have also been used successfully in the alignment of PFs. In the friction transfer method one provides a crystalline templating substrate, (e.g., PTFE) and then applies a CP over layer. As in the case of a rubbed substrate, the CP does not significantly impact the orienting ability of the aligned substrate. This process is commonly referred to as graphoepitaxy. 

EFM Measurements on Rubbed Substrates for Liquid Crystal Alignment... 

Figure 13 STEM image of the PDES needles (top). Scheme illustrating the microstructural organization of the PDES needle formed on a PTFE-rubbed substrate (bottom). " ...

If n(r) = n is uniform, no elasticity comes into play however, the value of 5(r) changes in the vicinity of interfaces " (see also S. Jarvis, this issue). Noticeably, the nematic order S(r) increases at interfaces with homeotropic anchoring or nondegenerate planar anchoring (rubbed substrates). It decreases at interfaces with planar degenerate anchoring, that is, oxidized silicon wafers and liquid substrates. This can be understood as "preferential wetting" of the interface by either the nematic (if the local order increases) or the isotropic phase (if the local order decreases) or as a "surface-phase... 

Frictioning involves rubbing or wiping an elastomeric compound into a substrate of textile or metallic cords, which may or may not be held together by pick threads or fill yams, or the substrate may consist of a square woven fabric like hose ducks or belt ducks . 

Samples for infra-red absorption measurement were introduced between two rubbed nylon coated calcium fluoride substrates spaced 10 pm apart. To insure proper parallel alignment, samples were cooled at 0.02° C/minute from the isotropic to the Smectic C phase. The alignment was then checked using polarizing microscopy. Polarized IR spectra (32 scans per spectrum) were obtained using an FTIR spectrometer (IFS-66 Bruker, Pillerica, MA) equipped with a wire grid polarizer at a resolution of 2 cm"1. 

We classified behaviors as states with measurable duration, or as chemosensory events, recorded as a frequency (Martin and Bateson 1993). The major states were drink/suckle, dust/mud/wallow, stand, walk or other. Chemosensory events were actions by the trunk tip contacting another elephant, investigating a substrate or performing actions called accessory trunk behaviors. We recorded the part of the body touched and the age and sex of the individual touched. The chemosensory events included sniff, check, place, and flehmen, and 10 accessory trunk behaviors (blow, dig, flick, horizontal sniff, periscope sniff, pinch, rub, suck, wrap and wriggle see Schulte and Rasmussen 1999 Bagley et al. 2006 Schulte 2006 Vyas 2006). 

Intersensory elaboration can improve a signal. Scent release can be combined with visual signals into conspicuous displays. Genets, Genetta genetta, rub their flanks on the substrate, a movement accompanied by piloerection. This latter... 

Formulation 20-6 is a wax-free polish, which provides a high-gloss, detergent resistant finish on non-porous substrates. Simple application, without hard rubbing or buffing results in both depth of gloss and detergent resistance for extended propert i es. 

By contrast, a dye molecule interacts chemically with the substrate at a molecular level. Chemical bonds or associations are formed, thus best results are achieved when the two components are compatible. If the substrate/dye combination is ideal, a more durable, fast and level color is created. Dyes can be applied at any time during the textile production process, while the pigments generally are applied to a finished textile. Pigments can also rub off more easily, because they are not chemically bound to the substrate. 

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