Rotating ring-disk electrode electrochemical

A rotating ring-disk electrode study. J Electrochem Soc 137 3438-3441... 

Over the years, many systems have been investigated and a variety of experimental probes, both electrochemical and spectroscopic, have been used in their study and characterization. Thus, electrochemical techniques such as rotated-ring disk electrodes (JlL) and spectroscopic techniques such as Raman (18-201 (in its numerous variants) have provided much insight into the mechanisms of many of these processes, however, in-situ structural studies of such systems have, to date, proved very elusive to direct experimental probing. 

Wilson JR, Park SM (1982) Photoanodic dissolution of n-CdS studied by rotating ring-disk electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 129 149-154... 

Similar studies on palladium/copper electrodes was carried out using differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DBMS), rotating ring-disk electrodes and EQCM [144]. In acidic electrolytes, the activity increased linearly with Cu coverage in alkaline electrolytes, a different dependence on coverage was observed. 

The main emphasis of our EC project is in electrocatalytic C02 reduction, where we explore synthetic pathways for novel binuclear Co complexes with tetra-azamacrocyclic ligands and their use in electrochemical measurements and synthesis. Although several routes for ligand synthesis have been briefly described in the literature, we find upon repeated attempts that well-characterised samples are hard to obtain. In one case (bis-dioxocyclam XI) We have obtained a pure product. In addtion, the rotating-ring disk electrode has been introduced in this study for obtaining kinetic information on mono-and binuclear complexes. For their use in anhydrous media, water-free compelxes have been prepared. 

A rotating ring disk electrode has been manufactured at TNO and it was successfully tested. Preliminary experiments with some old complexes (Tinnemans et al., 1984) showed that these materials had deteriorated over time. The new complexes were either not yet available in the pure state or were intended for use in anhydrous solvent (2 in MeCN), where stability problems occur during electrochemical operation. 

Bipotentiostat — An instrument that can control the potential of two independent -> working electrodes. A - reference electrode and an -> auxiliary electrode are also needed therefore the cell is of the four-electrode type. Bipotentiostats are most often employed in electrochemical work with rotating ring-disk electrodes and scanning electrochemical microscopes. They are also needed for monitoring the electrode-reaction products with probe electrodes that are independently polarized. All major producers of electrochemical equipment offer this type of potentiostat. The instruments that can control the potential of more than two working electrodes are called multipotentiostats. 

The Frumkin epoch in electrochemistry [i-iii] commemorates the interplay of electrochemical kinetics and equilibrium interfacial phenomena. The most famous findings are the - Frumkin adsorption isotherm (1925) Frumkin s slow discharge theory (1933, see also - Frumkin correction), the rotating ring disk electrode (1959), and various aspects of surface thermodynamics related to the notion of the point of zero charge. His contributions to the theory of polarographic maxima, kinetics of multi-step electrode reactions, and corrosion science are also well-known. An important feature of the Frumkin school was the development of numerous original experimental techniques for certain problems. The Frumkin school also pioneered the experimental style of ultra-pure conditions in electrochemical experiments [i]. A list of publications of Frumkin until 1965 is available in [iv], and later publications are listed in [ii]. 

Installation of the catalyzed electrode into the electrochemical cell for measurement. This process is suitable for stationary electrode measurement, rotating disk electrode (RDE), and/or rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE). 

Electrochemical Methods Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) and Rotating Ring Disk Electrodes (RRDE)... 

Many interesting processes occurring at the liquid/liquid interface involve coupled homogeneous chemical reactions. In principle, electrochemical methods used for probing complicated mechanisms at metal electrodes (61) can be employed at the ITIES. However, many of these techniques (e.g., rotating ring-disk electrode or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry) are hard to adapt to liquid/liquid measurements. Because of technical problems, few studies of multistep processes at the ITIES have been reported to date (1,62). 

Some electrochemical experiments, such as those involving rotating ring-disk electrodes and the scanning electrochemical microscope, require simultaneous control of two working interfaces. A device that will meet this demand is called a bipotentiostat. 

K. Hirano and A. J. Bard, Semiconductor electrodes XXVIII. Rotating ring-disk electrode studies of photo-oxidation of acetate and iodide at n-TiO2, 1 Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 1056-1059. 

Note STM scanning tunneling microscopy EC-ALE electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy UHV-EC ultrahigh vacuum electrochemistry SERS surface-enhanced Raman scattering RRDE rotating ring-disk electrode. 

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