Polarity independent

L. Vivien, S. Laval, B. Dumont, S. Lardenois, A. Koster, and E. Kassan, "Polarization independent single mode rib waveguides on silicon-on-insulator for telecommunications wavelengths," Opt. Commun. 210, 43-49 (2002). 

The asymmetry of the voltage form on the LC decreases with increasing saturation current of the FET since a large saturation current quickly raises the LC voltage to the value of the supply voltage. In such a case, the time-dependent waveform consists essentially of a train of square pulses of alternate polarity, independence of the transfer characteristics of the transistor. 

When fluid flows around a curve in a duct, or when fluid is confined between differentially rotating cylinders, secondary flows called Taylor vortices are generated. If a membrane is mounted on a rotating cylinder, these secondary flows minimize polarization independent of driving pressure. The relevant equations are ... 

Bellermann, M.R.W., Koch, P.M., Mariani, D.R. and Richards, D. (1996). Polarization independence of microwave ionization thresholds of excited hydrogen atoms near the principal resonance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 892-895. 

Speculation exists in the literature that many IMDA reactions of simple l,7,9-decatrien-3-ones, which are often generated by oxidation reactions in acidic media or are liberated in protic solvents, may be protic or Lewis acid catalyzed owing to the mildness of the cyclization conditions and the excellent stereoselectivity of their cyclizations (refs. 5h, 17, 18). The study by Gajewski cited in ref. 17c, however, establishes that the IMDA cyclization of (11) is an uncatalyzed, solvent polarity independent reaction. 

The transients in Al-PI-Au samples (Au upper electrode) are compared to A1-PI-A1 data in Figure 5. The transient current in A1-PI-A1 samples is polarity independent. In Al-PI-Au sample the transient peak is observed only for Al-cathode polarity, but the peak current is smaller than in the A1-PI-A1 case. For the Au-cathode polarity no peak is observed within 10,000 sec, however, the current is not monotonically decreasing. 

Figure 5. Comparison of transient currents in A1-PI-A1 and Al-PI-Au samples. Current is polarity independent in A1-PI-A1 samples. Two polarities are shown for Al-PI-Au samples. Au is upper (air side) electrode. Voltage is 100V and temperature is 300°C. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 10. Copyright 1989 M.I.T.)...

Electrode Metal. The fabrication sequence used for A1-PI-A1 samples results in different histories for the upper and lower A1 electrodes (11). In particular, the lower electrode is exposed to the PI cure cycle while the upper electrode is evaporated directly on to cured PI. However, the polarity independence of the transient current in the A1-PI-A1 samples indicates that the two A1 electrodes are electrically equivalent. 

Here k represents all the molecule-independent and polarization-independent constants gathered into a single parameter the , values represent the unique radiation polarization products... 

Spectrum of a-Tel is characteristic of a molecular crystal. An interesting fact is the polarization independence of the structure at 100 cm indicating isotropic Te-ring breathing modes. 

Detailed investigation on the optical characteristics, including the electro-optic phase modulation, electric hysteresis property, and thermo-optic coefficient, of transparent PMN-PT electro-optic ceramics have been conducted [229]. A polarization independent PMNT electro-optic switch by using s -shifted fiber Sagnac interferometer stmcture was constracted and analyzed experimentally. Some switch performances, including thermal characteristic and different switching frequency response, were also realized. 

Also, a thermally induced phase separation of hq-uid crystals and PVK occurs [72], Multiple domains of the disordered liquid crystals can scatter incident light. Applications are hght shutters, with the advantages of low driving voltage, polarization-independent scattering, fast response, and high contrast ratio. 

Optimum conditions in the case of Ag films on the Si or ZnSe IREs and the ATR geometry were found [403] to be the film thickness of 9 nm and the angle of incidence of 30°-40°. As in ordinary spectra obtained by transparent IRRAS (Section 2.3.1), the j-polarized IRRAS-SEIRA bands are negative, independent of the angle of incidence, while the / -polarized bands are negative at and positive at (pi > cpB, where (Pb is the Brewster angle of the substrate [384]. The maximum band intensity is observed at small and oblique angles of incidence in s- and p-polarization, respectively [384], However, the maximum absorption of 5-polarization is always smaller than that for p-polarization, independent of the metal film thickness and the optical properties of the substrate [359, 360, 384]. The enhancement factor increases as the refractive index of the substrate decreases [350, 384],... 

As the design of optical communication systems becomes more and more complex, an optical circulator with many input and output ports has become highly desirable. However, the port numbers for presently most commercial optical circulators are limited. In 2004, based on holographic spatial- and polarization-modules (HSPMs), two kinds design of holographic-type multi-port optical circulator were also proposed [Chen et al., 2004 Chen et al., 2004]. The HSPM is consisted of two HSWPs, an half-wave plate (H), and a Faraday rotator (FR). The merits of these designs include polarization-independence, compactness, high isolation, low polarization mode dispersion, and easy fabrication. Furthermore, the number of port can be scaled up easily. 

Four-port polarization-independent optical circulator... 

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