Rotating drum bioreactor

Flower [25], Panda et al. [26], Doran [27]. and Payne et al. [28]. Several kinds of bioreactors, such as the stirred tank bioreactor with hollow paddle and flat blade impellers, the bubble column, the airlift bioreactor with internal and external loops, the rotating drum bioreactor, the stirred-tank with a draft tube, and the mist bioreactor have been attempted for plant cell, tissue and organ cultures (Fig. 1). 

Figure 21. Schematic diagram of the rotating drum bioreactor (Tanaka, H., et al., 1983)...

The introduction of the koji process to the West is chiefly due to the work of Takamine, which started in 1891 in the USA using wheat bran to make the preparation named Taka-Koji. Takamine introduced the technique of acclimatizing the mold to various antiseptics in order to minimize growth of contaminants during the process. The process was carried out on an industrial scale in rotating drum bioreactors. Large scale trials of the use of Taka-Koji instead of malt in distilleries were carried out in the plant of Hiram Walker Sons in Ontario Canada in 1913. This was marketed as a digestive aid imder the name of Takadiastase [8]. 

Fig. 8. Heat and mass transfer processes in a rotating drum bioreactor [146]. (1) Entry of sensible energy in inlet air (2) Release of waste metabolic heat by the microorganism (3) Convective heat transfer from the substrate bed to the headspace (4) Evaporation of water from the bed to the headspace, carrying with it the heat of vaporization (5) Conduction from the bed to the drum wall (6) Convective cooling of the drum wall by the headspace gases (7) Convection to the surrounding air (8) Exit of sensible energy in the outlet air (9) The substrate bed is assumed to be well mixed (10) The headspace gases are assumed to be well mixed (11) The high thermal conductivity of the drum wall is assumed to lead to thermal homogeneity...

Discontinuous agitation of rotating drum bioreactors has been used in a few studies [152, 153]. In the work of de Reu et al. [152], when the temperature within the bed exceeded a setpoint, a one-minute agitation regime was initiated, with rotation alternately clockwise and counterclockwise at 4-6 rpm. In different fermentations adequate temperature control was achieved with mixing events being initiated at intervals from as short as 9 min to as long as 142 min. 

A similar approach applied to rotating drum bioreactors gives a dimensionless design factor [167] ... 

FIGURE 13 Rotating drum bioreactor for submerged culture. 

The heterogeneity of the system is also reduced to a large extent compared to static trays or a packed-bed fermenter. A rotating drum bioreactor was used by Tao et al. [31] for cellulase production, and the original paper can be referred to for a schematic diagram, where the air compressor, pressure regulation valve, air filter, air heater, atomizer, rotating device, fermenter stand, gas valve, air outlet, thermistor position, and other details are shown. 

Until now, bioreactors of various types have been developed. These include loop-fluidized bed [14], spin filter, continuously stirred turbine, hollow fiber, stirred tank, airlift, rotating drum, and photo bioreactors [1]. Bioreactor modifications include the substitution of a marine impeller in place of a flat-bladed turbine, and the use of a single, large, flat paddle or blade, and a newly designed membrane stirrer for bubble-free aeration [13, 15-18]. Kim et al. [19] developed a hybrid reactor with a cell-lift impeller and a sintered stainless steel sparger for Thalictrum rugosum cell cultures, and cell densities of up to 31 g L1 were obtained by perfusion without any problems with mixing or loss of cell viability the specific berberine productivity was comparable to that in shake flasks. Su and Humphrey [20] conducted a perfusion cultivation in a stirred tank bio-... 

Fig. 1. Different types of bioreactors for plant cell, tissue and organs. (A) mechanically-agitated bioreactors, a aeration-agitation, b rotating drum, c spin filter. (B) air-driven bioreactors, a bubble column, b draft tube, c external loop, (C) non-agitated bioreactors, a gaseous phase (mist), b oxygen permeable membrane aerator, c surface aeration, (D) light emitting draft tube...

Figure 18. Different types of bioreactors for plant cells, tissues and organs. (A) Shake Flask. (B) Aeration-Agitation. (C) Percolated Impeller. (D) Draught Tube Air-lift. (E) Draft Tube with Kaplan Turbine. -Air-liftloop. (Gj Rotating Drum. (7/1 Light Emitting Draught Tube. (I) Spin Filter. (J) Bubble Column. (K) Aeration. (L) Gaseous Phase.

Mixed Beds Without Forced Aeration - Rotating Drums, Stirred Drums and Screw Bioreactors... 

Kalogeiis E, Iniotaki F, Topakas E, Christakopoulos P, Kekos D, Maoris BJ. (2003). Performance of an intermittent agitation rotating drum type bioreactor for solid-state fermentation of wheat straw. Bioresour Technol, 86, 207-213. 

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