Robust plant lead

Use of Robust Statistics to Describe Plant Lead Levels Arising from Traffic... 

The advantage of applying the multiple LMS regression model offers the possibility of making robust estimates of the plant lead content, to be expected from a knowledge of such parameters as soil lead content, traffic density, and distance from the road. 

Evaporators of suitable and robust construction can be defrosted by brushing, scraping or chipping, but these methods are labour-intensive and may lead to damage of the plant. 

The early electric cars used the old lead-acid batteries. Today s hybrids are provided with more robust nickel-metal units. The EVs of the future are likely to be provided with lithium-iron batteries, found in today s laptops and cell phones. Much work remains to be done in this area to increase safety and life span (to 100,000 mi of driving), while reducing their cost. Nissan and Mitsubishi are both making major investments in building lithium-ion battery mass production plants. 

Despite the limitations, EVOP is an extremely useful optimization technique. EVOP is robust, can handle many variables at the same time, and will always lead to an optimum. Also, because of its iterative nature, little needs to be known about the system before beginning the process. Most important, however, is the fact that it can be useful in plant optimization where the cost of running experiments using conditions that result in low yields or unusable product cannot be tolerated. In theory, the process improves at each step of the optimization scheme, making it ideal for a production situation. For application of EVOP to plant scale operations, see Refs. 12-14. 

There are many minor industrial problems associated with the ethanol fermentation processes to be solved nowadays, when optimal operation is a target. Among them, there is the lack of process robustness in the presence of fluctuations in operational conditions, which leads to changes in the kinetic behavior, with impact on yield, productivity, and conversion. These changes are very common in ethanol plants, where they occur not only because of the variations in the quality of the raw material but also beeause of variations of dominant microorganisms in the process. 

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