Risks of pharmaceutical

De Roode, D. F. Assessing environmental risk of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical Technology Europe, 22(6) 2010, 37-40. 

The Swedish Classification Scheme initiated in 2005 by the Swedish Association of Pharmacy Industries (LIF), the Swedish Medical Products Agency, Apoteket (National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies), the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions and the Stockholm County Council, take in account Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT) characteristics of pharmaceutical products. This voluntary scheme looks at the environmental hazard and the associated risk of pharmaceutical products. The environmental risk is calculated based on the ratio PEC/PNEC according to the EMEA guideline [17,124, 127]. The obtained information is only available on the website www.fss.se, since due to European restrictions it is not possible to include warning labels on the packaging of medications [17]. 

Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in laboratory animals are conducted under regulatory testing guidelines (e.g., (1-3) as part of the process of evaluating the risk of pharmaceuticals and... 

Rietsma, T., Brain, R.A., Wilson, C.J. and Solomon, K.R. (2004) Ranking and prioritization of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 39, 158-183. 

Guth BD, Germeyer S, Kolb W, et al. Developing a strategy for the nonclinical assessment of proarrhythmic risk of pharmaceuticals due to prolonged ventricular repolarization. /Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2004 49(3) 159-169. 

SOURCE Office of Technology Assessment, 1993. Based on data from H.G.Grabowski and J.M. Vernon, ANewLookatthe Returns and Risks to Pharmaceutical R D, ManagementSo encs 36(7) 804821, July 1990 P. Joglekar and M L. Paterson, A Closer Look at the Returns and Risks of Pharmaceutical R D, Journal of Health Economics 5 153-177,1986 J.R. Virts and J.F. Weston, Returns to Research and Development in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry, Managerial and Decision Economics 1 (3) 103-111,1980. 

Clymer, H., The Changing Costs and Risks of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Economics ofDrug Innovation, J.D. Cooper (ed.)(Washington, DC The American University, 1969). 

Chapter 6 Presence, Fate and Risks of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment... 

In the meantime the research on the presence, fate, effects, and risks of pharmaceuticals and contrast agents has triggered more than 15 000 scientific publications. These compounds are known as micro-pollutants because of the lower pg level at which they have been detected. 

This is demonstrated by the fact that pharmaceuticals are detectable in the environment, (see also Chapter 6, Presence, Fate and Risks of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment). It has been shown that even advanced effluent treatment is not able to fully remove the pharmaceutically active... 

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