Ribonucleic acid molecules

Blot overlays include the probing of membrane with various molecules to detect the presence of specific binding domains, for example, with guanine triphosphate (25,26) or proteoglycans (27). In the Southern or North Western blotting, the membrane is probed with deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules to detect nucleic-acid binding proteins (28). 

Kinases Catalyze the transfer of the a-phos-phate of a nucleoside 5 -triphos-phate to the 5 -OH terminus of a deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecule ... 

Genes specify the kinds of proteins that are made by cells, but DNA is not the direct template for protein synthesis. Rather, the templates for protein synthesis are RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules. In particular, a class of RNA molecules called messenger RNA (mRNA) are the information-carrying intermediates in protein synthesis. Other RNA... 

Caron M, Dugas H (1976) Specific spin-labeling of transfer ribonucleic-acid molecules. Nucleic Acids Res 3(1) 19-34... 

Shearer, R. W., and B. J. McCarthy. 1967. Evidence for ribonucleic acid molecules restricted to the cell nucleus. Biochemistry (Wash.), 6 283-289. 

DNA (Deoj ribonucleic Acid) Molecule, found in all living organisms, that by reproducing itself allows for the inheritance of characteristics from one generation to the next. 

With the exception of a small group of catalytic ribonucleic acid molecules, all enzymes are proteins. Some enzymes require no chemical groups other than their amino acid residues for activity. Others require an additional component called a cofactor, which may be either one or more inorganic ions, such as Fe, Mg, Mn... 

The virus containing radioactive phosphorus, to a large extent present as a constituent of the ribonucleic acid molecule, was rubbed into the lower leaves of Turkish tobacco plants. After twelve days the lower inoculated and the upper uninoculated leaves were investigated, with the result shown in Table XLVIII. 

Cellular protein biosynthesis involves the following steps. One strand of double-stranded DNA serves as a template strand for the synthesis of a complementary single-stranded messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in a process called transcription. This mRNA in turn serves as a template to direct the synthesis of the protein in a process called translation. The codons of the mRNA are read sequentially by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which bind specifically to the mRNA via triplets of nucleotides that are complementary to the particular codon, called an anticodon. Protein synthesis occurs on a ribosome, a complex consisting of more than 50 different proteins and several stmctural RNA molecules, which moves along the mRNA and mediates the binding of the tRNA molecules and the formation of the nascent peptide chain. The tRNA molecule carries an activated form of the specific amino acid to the ribosome where it is added to the end of the growing peptide chain. There is at least one tRNA for each amino acid. 

As is well-known, nucleic acids consist of a polymeric chain of monotonously reiterating molecules of phosphoric acid and a sugar. In ribonucleic acid, the sugar component is represented by n-ribose, in deoxyribonucleic acid by D-2-deoxyribose. To this chain pyrimidine and purine derivatives are bound at the sugar moieties, these derivatives being conventionally, even if inaccurately, termed as pyrimidine and purine bases. The bases in question are uracil (in ribonucleic acids) or thymine (in deoxyribonucleic acids), cytosine, adenine, guanine, in some cases 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcyto-sine. In addition to these, a number of the so-called odd bases occurring in small amounts in some ribonucleic acid fractions have been isolated. 

Figure 35-6. A segment of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule in which the purine and pyrimidine bases— guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracii (U), and adenine (A)—are held together by phosphodiester bonds between ribo-syl moieties attached to the nucieobases by N-giycosidic bonds. Note that the polymer has a polarity as indicated by the iabeied 3 -and 5 -attached phosphates.

RNA. Ribonucleic acid—a molecule present in the cell of all living beings and essential for the synthesis of proteins. 

Along with stomach, bile, and lactic acids, there are many other acids in the human body These include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins such as folic and ascorbic acids. Nucleic acids, including RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), are long chains of phosphates and sugar to which nucleotide bases are attached. The phosphate molecules in the backbone of RNA and DNA are derived from phosphoric acid. Therefore, DNA is very weakly acidic. 

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which carry embedded in their complex molecules the genetic information that characterizes every organism, are found in virtually all living cells. Their molecules are very large and complex biopolymers made up basically of monomeric units known as nucleotides. Thus DNA and RNA are said to be polynucleotides. The nucleotides are made up of three bonded (linked) components a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups ... 

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Molecules including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, or small RNA. RNA serves as a template for protein synthesis and other biochemical processes of the cell. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA except for the base thymidine being replaced by uracil. 

Formaldehyde reacted with each other to become sugars, and some of these sugars, together with inorganic phosphates, combined with purines and pyrimidines to become simple molecules of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and DNA. 

As has been emphasized previously, whereas some early measurements indicated a molecular weight of the order of 1000 for the ribonucleic acid of yeast, it is now known that the molecule is considerably larger than this. To give accurate values for the molecular weights of ribonucleic acids is however, difficult, since not only do the estimates vary with the method of preparation, but also with the technique used for making the measure-... 

Nucleic acids are the molecules in our cells that direct and store information for reproduction and cellular growth. There are two types of nucleic acids ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Both of these nucleic acids are unbranched organic polymers composed of monomer units called nucleotides. These nucleotides are composed of a sugar molecule, a nitrogen base, and phosphoric acid. A single DNA molecule may contain several million of these nucleotides, while the smaller RNA molecules may contain several thousand. 

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