Rhus species

Many other plant waxes have also been exploited for various uses, including esparto wax, from esparto grass Stipa tenacissima, and Japan wax, from plants of the Rhus species. 

The introduction of the phenoxy compounds - 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T - in the mid 40 s, provided much more effective arboricldes than had heretofore been available (2,6,8). Control of many brushy species for site preparation in reforestation was now available. Perhaps one of the early applications of this was made by Fred Furst in the Siuslaw National Forest where approximately 10,000 acres of conifer, overstoried by alder, were released by treatment with 2,4-D. Other chemicals used in this era included trichloroacetic acid (TCA), used in girdling treatment of trees, and for control of grass prior to reforestation. Aminotriazole, also introduced during this period, found some use for control of Rhus species and grass in forest nurseries. 

Rhus species (sumac) Anacardiaceae (sumac) Asian ginseng Panax ginseng... 

Indian saffron Crocus sativus Sumac Rhus species... 

Some experiments have demonstrated that tannic acid, also called simply tannin , a natural mixture of gallic esters of glucose classically obtained from Rhus species (Anacardiaceae), interferes with cellular activation of PKC. It inhibited, for example, the phosphorylation catalysed... 

Sumach Name used for several plants of the Rhus species. Leaves of Rhus glabra L. and Rhus typhlna L., Anacardiaceae ate known commercially as North American Sumach. They contain fisetin. dihydrofisetin, 27% tannin and gallic acid esters. Constituents of the Rhus typhina fruit I. Ii seller, Pharmazie 15, S3 (1960). 

Cashew Phenols (Anacardiaceae) and Lacs (Rhus species) Anacardiaceae... 

C15H12O5, Mr 272.26, orange-yellow needles, mp. 213 - 215 °C. B. and its 4 -( -glucoside (coreopsin) are the most common tetrahydroxychalcones ( chaIcones) in nature. Free B. often occurs in wood and bark of various trees, e.g.. Acacia (Fabaceae) or Rhus species (sumac, tanner s sumac, Anacardiaceae). Coreopsin occurs in various members of the Asteraceae, e.g., in Vi-guiera species. 

Substantial hindrance to substitution at the C-6 position is evident from the restricted occurrence of the robustaflavones (I-3, II-6 biflavonoids) (2). The biapigenin, robustaflavone, and its biflavanone analog have been reported in Araucaria and Juniperus of the gymnosperms (125). Within the angiosperms, robustaflavone is present in Rhus species and a biflavanone has been reported in Semecarpus (125). 

The direct effects of ozone on plant species constituting the shrub layer in the conifer forest are not yet sufficiently understood to permit any conclusion to be drawn. In many sites where the conifer overstoiy is well developed, the shrub species are excluded completely. In more open pine stands, some shrubs are very common, such as skunk bush iAmorpha califomica) and white horn (Ceanothus cordulatus). Of these two species, only skunk bush shows highly visible chlorotic mottle of leaflets and premature defoliation where ozone dosages are high. A shrub species common to the lower chaparral zone, squaw bush Rhus trilobata), is even more susceptible to ozone injury. In the San Bernardino Moun-... 

Tannins are abundant in many different plant species, in particular oak (Quercus spp.), chestnut (Castanea spp.), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), and fringe cups (Tellima grandiflora). Tannins can be present in the leaves, bark, and fruits, and are thought to protect the plant against infection and herbivory. 

Japan wax is actually more of a stiff vegetable oil. It is extracted from the fruit and seeds of various Asian species of Rhus and Toxicodendron. This substance is inexpensive and extensively used in lotions, cosmetics, and to make candles, even though it oxidizes readily and turns rancid as it ages. 

Laccase is widely distributed in plants and fungi. Laccase from higher plants, found in various species of the Chinese, Vietnamese, and Japanese lacquer trees, has been extensively investigated (9). The biological function of laccase in these trees is well understood. The laccase of the lacquer trees (Rhus sp.) is found in white latex, which contains phenols. After injury of the tree, these are oxidized by dioxygen to radicals, which spontaneously polymerize, building a protective structure that closes the wound. 

Derivation From a species of Rhus by boiling the fruit in water. 

The rather simple solvent classification schemes yield complex fractions of botanochemicals. Their detailed composition depends not only on the species but also on maturity of the plant and the method of extraction (1 5, ). The polar fraction isolated by acetone extraction and readily soluble in 87.5% aqueous ethanol, termed "polyphenol" by Buchanan and coworkers (11,12), no doubt consists of phenolics and a wide variety of other substances. For plants of high tannin content, (e.g., Rhus g/aubra) the polyphenol fraction might well be called tannin (24)... 

Condensed tannins constitute more than 90 per cent of the total world production of commercial tannins (200000 tons per year) [11]. Their high reactivity towards aldehydes and other reagents renders them both chemically and economically more interesting for the preparation of adhesives, resins and other applications apart from leather tanning. The main commercial species, such as mimosa and quebracho, also yield excellent heavy duty leather. Condensed tannins and their flavonoid precursors are known for their wide distribution in nature and particularly for their substantial concentration in the wood and bark of various trees. These include various Acacia (wattle or mimosa bark extract), Schinopsis (quebracho wood extract), Tsuga (hemlock bark extract), Rhus (sumach extract) species, and various Pinus bark extract species, from which commercial tannin extracts are manufactured. 

Juliani et al. [16] used NIR to determine adulteration of essential oils. An adulterated sample composed of 1,8-cineole with authentic ravensara Rhus aromatica) oil failed the test for identity, demonstrating that this technique has the ability to identify adulterated essential oils. They also demonstrated that NIR could distinguish essential oils of different chemotypes and species. 

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