Rhizopus arrhizus, fumaric acid production

Fumaric acid production using immobilized Rhizopus cells has also been studied. Petruccioli et al. [74] immobilized R. arrhizus NRRL 1526 on polyurethane sponge to carry out repeated batch fumaric acid production from glucose syrup with KOH/KCO3 as the neutralization agent and CO2 source. Although the yield (12.3 g/1) is low, it provides the possibility of using immobilized Rhizopus for the continuous production of fumaric acid. 

Goldberg I, Stieghtz B. (1985). Improved rate of fumaric acid production by Tweens and vegetable oils in Rhizopus arrhizus. Biotech Bioeng, 27,1067-1069. 

Fumaric acid was once produced on a commercial scale by fermentation using a fungal strain of Rhizopus arrhizus in the early 1940s. Later, biological production of fumaric acid was replaced by petrochemical processes, which were economically more attractive. Currently, fumaric acid is chemically synthesized from maleic anhydride (or maleic acid), obtained from butane oxidation. Nevertheless, maleic anhydride is a petroleum derivative that has increased in price because petroleum prices are rising quickly. As a result, there is renewed interest in fumaric acid production by using submerged fermentation. 

Moresi M, Parente E, Petruccioh M, Federici F. Optimization of fumaric acid production from potato flour by Rhizopus arrhizus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1991 36 35-9. 

Petruccioli M, Angiani E, Eederici E (1996) Semi continuous fumaric acid production by Rhizopus arrhizus immobilized in polymethane sponge. Process Biochem 31 463 69 Pines O, Shemesh S, Battat E, Goldberg I (1997) Overexpression of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH2) causes overproduction of specific organic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 48 248-255... 

Kautola H, LinkoY-Y. Fumaric acid production from xylose by immobilized Rhizopus arrhizus cells. 

Kautola, H., Linko, K., 1989. Fumaric acid production from xylose by immobilized Rhizopus arrhizus cells. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 31,448-452. 

Petruccioli, M., Angiani, E., Federid, F., 1996. Semi-continuous fumaric acid production by Rhizopus arrhizus immobilized in polyurethane sponge. Process Biochemistry 31,463-469. 

Fumaric acid, a metabolite of many fungi, lichens moss and some plants, and mainly used as the diacid component in alkyd resins, is produced commercially to some extent by fermentation of glucose in Rhizopus arrhizus yet productivity improvements appear essential for the product to be an option for replacing its petrochemical production by catalytic isomerization of maleic acid. 

Rhodes RA, Moyer AJ, Smith ML, Kelley SE. (1959). Production of fumaric acid by Rhizopus arrhizus. Appl Microbiol, 1, 74-80. 

Usually submerged batch fermentation is used for fumaric acid fermentation. Table 11.2 includes important results achieved with Rhizopus strains, and as is shown there R. arrhizus NRRL 1526 gave the highest volumetric productivity, product titer and product yield values (Ling and Ng 1989). 

Gangl 1C, Weigand WA, Keller FA (1990) Economic comparison of calcium fumarate and sodium fumarate production by Rhizopus arrhizus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 24-25 663-677 Goldberg 1, Rokem IS, Pines O (2006) Organic acids old metabolites, new themes. J Chem Tech Biotechnol 81 1601-1611... 

Rhodes RA, Lagoda AA, Jackson RW, Misenhei TJ, Smith ML, Anderson RF (1962) Production of fumaric acid in 20 liter fermentors. Appl Microbiol 10 9-15 Riscaldati E, Moresi M, Federici F, Petruccioli M (2000) Direct ammonium fumarate production by Rhizopus arrhizus under phosphorous limitation. Biotechnol Lett 22 1043-1047 Roa Engel CA (2010) Integration of fermentation and crystalhsation to produce organic acids. 

Moon S-K,Wee Y-J,Yun J-S, Ryu H-W. Production of fumaric acid using rice bran and subsequent conversion to succinic acid through a two-step process. In Paper presented at proceedings of the twenty-fifth symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals held may 4—7, 2003, in Breckenridge, CO. 2004. Riscaldati E, Moresi M, Federici F, Petruccioh M. Direct ammonium fiimarate production by Rhizopus arrhizus under phosphorous limitation. Biotechnol Lett 2000 22 1043-7. 

---