Reverse-osmosis system, schematic

Figure 13. Schematic of a reverse osmosis system for process design...

Figure 5.3 Flow schematic of a high-pressure laboratory reverse osmosis test system...

Figure 2.6 schematically illustrates sections of a typical semiconductor ultrapure water (UPW) production process in a semiconductor plant. The water circuit consists of two main sections (1) makeup (or central) system and (2) polishing loop, which provides water at the point of use. There are multiple locations in such a water process where membrane degassing could be needed as shown in the figure. Reverse osmosis is mostly used in makeup line as the primary purification means in such processes. In the past, large and inflexible vacuum towers were frequently used after RO to remove dissolved gases, such as O2, N2, and CO2. Membrane contactors are the norm today for replacement or supplement to vacuum towers in makeup lines, as shown in Figure 2.6. 

The compartments indicated in Figure 5.57a are a schematic representation of reverse osmosis process. In practice, the reverse osmosis process is conducted in a tubular configuration system (Figure 5.57b). Raw waste water flows under high pressure (greater than osmotic pressure) through an inner tube made... 

FIGURE 5.57 (a) Schematic representation of reverse osmosis process, (b) Tubular configuration system for... 

The detail of the permeation cell for reverse osmosis experiments and the flow system arc shown schematically in Figure 3.9. The permeation cell is made of stainless steel 310 and consists of two detachable parts. The upper part is a high-pressure chamber. A wet membrane is mounted on a stainless steel porous plate embedded in the lower part of the cell such that the active surface layer of the asymmeU-ic membrane faces the feed solution under high pressure. A wet Whatman filter paper is placed between the membrane and the porous plate to protect the membrane from abrasion. The feed solution is supplied to the feed chamber of the permeation cell by a pressure pump, while the permeate... 

Figure 7.2.4. (a) Schematic of a numiter of spiral-wound modules in series in a module housing which is a pressure vessel, (b) Configuration for multiple modules in series or multi-tube system for reverse osmosis operation. 

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