Retrograde Revealed

In this chapter, I tell you what you need to know to grapple calmly and rationally with retrograde movements. 

When ancient astronomers saw the heavenly bodies whirling backward, they invented all kinds of schemes to account for the phenomenon. In the second century BCE, for example, astronomers in Greece were convinced that the planets looped around their usual orbits on little spheres carved from the purest crystal. Needless to say, they were wrong. The planets never actually switched direction. 

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DSC revealed that the XG and starch did not interact synergistically and hence did not promote the formation of three-dimensional network structures. However, the hydrocolloid significantly decreased the retrogradation and syneresis of the starch paste, particularly in blends with a starch/XG ratio of 8.5/1.5. Mixing 1% or 2% tamarind XG with 9% cornstarch resulted in an increase in the paste viscosity from 385 to 460 and 560 BU (Brabender units), respectively [298]. The XG is associated with starch, as was evident from the lowering of the pasting temperature and the synergistic increase in pseudoplasticity and yield value of the blend pastes. However, carboxymethylated and hydroxypropylated XGs showed a diminished interaction. 

Cu zone is abundant (up to 40%) and dominantly monoclinic, with lesser hexagonal forms also present suggesting incomplete retrograde equilibration. Analyses of pyrrhotite by EPMA revealed elevated contents of Co and Se accounting for their enrichment in the basal sulfide facies. 

O Donnell P, Lavin A, Enquist LW, Grace AA, Card JP (1997) Interconnected parallel circuits between rat nucleus accumbens and thalamus revealed by retrograde transynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus. J Neurosci 77 2143-2167. 

Porrino LJ, Goldman-Rakic PS (1982) Brainstem innervation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey revealed by retrograde transport of HRP. J Comp Neurol 205 63-76. 

Shah K, Shokat KM. A chemical genetic screen for direct v-Src substrates reveals ordered assembly of a retrograde signaling pathway. Chem Biol. 2002 9 35-47. 

Parent A, Smith Y (1987) Organization of efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey as revealed by retrograde labeling methods. Brain Res 4.(6 296-310. 

Saint-Cyr, JA, and CourviUe, J (1981) Sources of descending afferents to the inferior olive from upper brainstem in the cat as revealed by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 198 567-581. 

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