Retro viruse

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) A clinical syndrome due to infection with the RNA human immunodeficiency (retro)virus (HIV) which produces severe immunosuppression (depletion of natural killer T cells), thereby exposing the individual to a variety of opportunistic infections and cancers. 

Temin, H.M. (1990). Safety considerations in somatic gene therapy on human diseases with retro virus vectors. Hum. Gene Ther. 1, 111 123. 

Schochetman, G. (1992). Testing for AIDS and other human retro viruses. In AIDS Testing Methodology and Management Issues. G.Schochetman and J.R.George, eds. (New York Springer-Verlag), pp. 1 5. 

Since most immortalized cell lines have been shown to express endogenous retro-virus-like particles that may or may not be replication-competent and infectious, and other virus classes may also be present in mammalian cells, the risk for a virus contamination of the end product is inherent. In addition, adventitious vimses may come into contact with the product during processing. In any case, cell culture processes must demonstrate the robust and rehable abihty to eliminate viruses in a risk-based approach [162] (see Part IV, Chapter 1). Vims validation studies employ model vimses that are relevant in representing known risks from the sources involved [163, 164]. 

Viruses are infectious particles formed by nucleic acid, proteins, and in some cases lipids. As viruses (for example, retro- and adenoviruses) transfer viral genes into cells with high efficiency, modified forms are sometimes used as vectors for gene transfer. However, procedures using virus-based vectors are often significantly more complicated and time-consuming than other transfection methods. In addition, viral vectors are potentially hazardous, and biological safety issues need to be considered carefully. Therefore, techniques that combine... 

Mazumder A, Gupta M, Perrin DM, Sigman DS, Rabinovitz M, Pommier Y. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase by a hydrophobic cation The phenanthroline-cuprous complex. AIDS Res Human Retro 1995 11 115-125. 

Reverse transcription (which occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) is the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template. A class of RNA viruses, called retroviruses, are characterized by the presence of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). The vims that causes AIDS, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retro-vims. Because nuclear cell division doesn t use reverse transcriptase, the most effective anti-HIV drugs target reverse transcriptase, either its synthesis or its activity. Telomerase, discussed in the previous section, is a specialized reverse transcriptase enzyme. See Figure 12-5. 

Detailed overviews on test methods and vimses detected are provided. For retro-vimses and other endogenous vimses, electron microscopy, infectivity assays or reverse transcriptase assays are proposed. Non-endogenous or adventitious vimses may be detected by suitable in vitro or in vivo assays or (in case of rodent cell fines) by a corresponding antibody production test in the respective species. Other virus-specific tests might be useful alternatives. 

We have extensively investigated the extent of antigenic mimicry achievable with retro-inverso peptides and evaluated their potential in the development of peptide-based vaccines [106,110]. We designed and synthesized using Fmoc//Bu chemistry an end group-modified retro-inverso analogue 38 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) major antigenic site located within residues 141-159 of the viral VPl protein (Fig. 4) [110,135]. 

PEI Viral infection siRNA Influenza virus Mice/retro - orbitally [80]... 

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